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HomeMy WebLinkAboutWD-8-92 THE CORPORATION OF THE TOWN OF NEWCASTLE REPORT Meeting: GENERAL PURPOSE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE File# JANUARY 20, 1992 Date: Res. # Report#: WD-8-92 File #: D. 02 . 34 ..06 By Law# Subject: CONCERNS ABOUT TRAFFIC ON GLENABREY DRIVE, ROBERT ADAMS DRIVE AND AUBURN LANE, COURTICE Recommendations: It is respectfully recommended that the General Purpose and Administration Committee recommend to Council the following: 1. THAT Report WD-8-92 be received; 2 . THAT requests for all-way stops to act as speed control devices at the intersections of Auburn Lane/Pebblebeach Drive; Glenabbey Drive/Pinedale Crescent; Glenabbey Drive/Bruntsfield Street; Glenabbey Drive/Auburn Lane; Glenabbey Drive/Robert Adams Drive; and Robert Adams Drive/Hampstead Gate which are unwarranted based on Provincial guidelines be denied; 3 . THAT Durham Regional Police be provided with a copy of Report WD- 8-92 and be requested to strictly enforce the existing Maximum 50 km/hour speed zones on Glenabbey Drive and other residential collector type roadways in the Courtice area; 4 . THAT the request to lower the speed limit on Glenabbey Drive from 50 km/hour to 40 km/hour be denied; 5 . THAT the request to prohibit heavy trucks from entering Glenabbey Drive be denied; and . . ./2 REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 2 6 . THAT the concerned residents listed at the end of Report WD-8-92 be advised of Council 's decision and be provided with a copy of Report WD-8-92 . ------------------------------------------------------- REPORT 1.0 ATTACHMENTS No. 1: Key Map No. 2 : Guidelines and Warrants for Stop Signs No. 3: Speed Compliance Table No. 4 : Traffic Study Results No. 5: Correspondence received December 20, 1991, from Christine Stezik 2.0 BACKGROUND 2 . 1 Speed Concerns Requests have been received from Courtice residents to install all- way stop signs at the following locations : Collector Road Local Road Resident Glenabbey Drive Robert Adams Drive Mr. N. Nisar Glenabbey Drive Auburn Lane Mr. D. Duque Glenabbey Drive Bruntsfield Street Mr. Richard Farr Glenabbey Drive Pinedale Crescent Sherri Krajnc Auburn Lane Pebblebeach Drive Anne Petrich Robert Adams Drive Hampstead Gate Marion Beers & Chris McKinnon Correspondence received December 20, 1991, from Christine Stezik requested two (2) all-way stops, a speed limit reduction from 50 km/hour to 40 km/hour, prohibiting trucks and establishing a school crossing guard on Glenabbey Drive. ! 3.0 REVIEW AND COMMENT 3. 1 Provincial Guidelines The guidelines and warrants for installation of all-way stop signs j . . . /3 0n, 2- • i REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 3 listed in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and used by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario were reviewed to determine if all-way stops were warranted. The All-way Stop Evaluation / Warrant Study which is based on traffic volumes and motor vehicle accidents indicates that the warrant is not met for the installation of all way stop signs at any of the six study locations at this time. 3 .2 All-way Stop Signs as Speed Control Devices Some residents of Courtice have requested the installation of all- way stops to reduce vehicle speeds . The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices outlines Criteria where all-way stops should not be used which include: i ) As a speed control device. ii) As a means of detouring the movement of through traffic in a residential area. A report prepared by the Technical Committee of the Ontario Traffic Conference states that traffic speed is only reduced for a distance of 30 - 40 metres (100 - 130 feet) at the approach and exit to an all-way stop intersection. The installation of an all-way stop is not an effective way to reduce speed over a large area of roadway. It has also been shown that installation of unwarranted all-way stop signs results in disregard of the signs by drivers who will not bring the vehicle to a full stop but simply slow down then i accelerate rapidly. 3 . 3 School Crossincx The newly constructed Mother Teresa School is located on Glenabbey Drive between Robert Adams Drive and Auburn Lane. Concerns for children have been addressed by posting school zone signs and establishing a school crossing guard. The Durham Regional Police Community Services Department, Town staff and the principal of . . . /4 i 10n3 i REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 4 Mother Teresa School have reviewed and implemented the placement of an adult crossing guard on Glenabbey Drive at the east limit of the school property as of November 18, 1991. 3 . 4 Enforcement of Speed Limit Under chapter 198 section 109 ( 1) (b) of the Highway Traffic Act all urban areas are Maximum 50 km/hour which is enforceable by the Durham Regional Police. Durham Regional Police have indicated they are not in favour of using stop signs in unwarranted locations and encourage the use of Provincial Guidelines and the warrant study. The Police are continuing to enforce the speed limit on Glenabbey Drive with regular patrols . 3 . 5 Speed Study Traffic studies were conducted in the Courtice area August 21, September 4 and September 10, 1991. The results indicate that Robert Adams Drive and Auburn Lane do not have any serious speed problems . Glenabbey Drive was the only road with a substantiated occurrence of speed violations . A speed compliance table (Attachment No. 2) has been prepared to illustrate the speed of vehicles at various times throughout the day on Glenabbey Drive. The period of highest speed was between 6:00 am and 7: 00 a.m. when 77 ( 39%) of the vehicles on Glenabbey Drive were travelling at 55 km/hour or more at the start of the morning rush while 118 (61%) of drivers were travelling at 55 km/hour or less . The majority of motorists reduced speed during school hours and 177 (84%) of motorists were travelling at or below 55 km/hour while children were present in the school area while 33 (16)% of the motorist were still travelling above 55 km/hour. Traffic study results which are shown as Attachment No. 3 indicate that during the ,33 hour study 961 vehicles (25%) were exceeding 55 km/hour with 101 vehicles . . . /5 1 Ono REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 5 (2 . 6%) exceeding 65 km/hour. The 85th percentile was 60 km/hour which confirms that police enforcement is required. 3 . 6 Traffic Volume Study - Existing and Future The traffic count of September 5, 1991 indicated an average annual daily traffic (AADT) figure of 2, 700 vehicles on Glenabbey Drive with the peak hour being 5:00 to 6 :00 p.m. with a count of 266 vehicles . This intersection approach count is well below the 500 vehicles required under the provincial warrant. The side street counts are also well below the 200 unit requirement. Auburn Lane and Robert Adams Drive are both presently "T" intersections as they join Glenabbey Drive and are difficult to justify as all-way stops with the present low traffic volumes . For many residents of Courtice living south of Highway #2 the Prestonvale Road to Glenabbey Drive to Bloor Street route is the shortest access to the Harmony Road and 401 interchange. Further development with the extension of Glenabbey Drive to the east of Prestonvale Road and the extension of Robert Adams Drive southerly from Glenabbey Drive and the extension of Bloor Street to Prestonvale Road will increase traffic volumes . The extension of these roadways is dependant on the extension of the urban area and approval of subdivision plans, which could be several years in the future. After this development has occurred traffic volumes may warrant all-way stop signs at the intersections of Glenabbey Drive/Prestonvale Road and Glenabbey Drive/Robert Adams Drive. 3 . 7 Removal of Temporary Road Closure on Robert Adams Drive Residents of Robert Adams Drive near Hampstead Gate requesting an all-way stop are concerned that the removal of the construction barriers to join the two sections of Robert Adams Drive will increase vehicle speeds and traffic volume. The traffic volume on Robert Adams Drive, which is a collector road with a pavement width of 10m ( 33 feet) , is expected to increase as additional development . . . /6 005 REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 6 occurs in the area. With the barriers in place residents from Robert Adams Drive subdivision area are travelling a longer route by using Prestonvale Road which has a narrower road width of 6 .5 metres (21 feet) with no sidewalks . When development is completed on the unopened part of Robert Adams Drive and the barriers are removed the traffic flow will be more equitably divided between Prestonvale Road and Robert Adams Drive. The average annual daily traffic on this northern section of Robert Adams Drive is 700 vehicles per day. The study did not indicate any existing speeding problems and based on Provincial Guidelines the volumes do not justify the installation of all-way stop. 3. 8 Consequences of Reducing Posted Speed from 50 km/hour to 40 km/hour If the speed limit on Glenabbey Drive, which was designed as the collector road through this residential area with a pavement width of 10 metres (33 feet) and sidewalks on both sides, is lowered to 40 km/hour the residents on Prestonvale Road would demand the same treatment. Subsequently, residents on all urban streets from Courtice to Newtonville would make the same request. This would entail installation of numerous speed signs on every street before police enforcement could be requested. Under Chapter 198, Section 109 ( 1) (b) , of the Highway Traffic Act all urban areas are 50 km/hour. This is enforced by the police without the posting of speed signs . 3 . 9 Prohibiting Heavy Traffic The Traffic Study of September 4 and 5, 1991, indicated that 58 heavy vehicles (trucks larger than a half-ton, including buses) drove on Glenabbey Drive over the 33 hour study period (53 on September 4) . Of the 53 heavy vehicles five (5) were travelling above 55 km/hour in the 56-65 km/hour range. The heavy traffic figure of 53 vehicles on September 4 accounts for only 2% of the total traffic volume and does not appear to be a major problem which would justify prohibiting trucks from the street. . . . /7 i , 006 REPORT NO. WD-8-92 PAGE 7 Subsection 117 of Section 210 of the Municipal Act, R.S .O. 1980, Chapter 302, states that, subject to the Highway Traffic Act, by- laws may be passed by Councils of local municipalities for prohibiting heavy traffic from using certain streets at any time. Entrances to the street must be signed before any enforcement efforts could be initiated. Prohibition of truck traffic on one street often moves the problem to another street in the area. In order not to inconvenience residents of the street requiring services of school buses or the delivery of merchandise requiring a transport trailer, the following would be incorporated into the by-law: "notwithstanding the highways set out in this by- law the prohibition shall not extend to the use of the said highways by vehicles over five (5) tonnes while actually engaged in deliveries or service for premises abutting thereon, nor motor vehicles designed or used for carrying passengers while actually engaged in picking up or discharging passengers, and emergency vehicles, or vehicles actually engaged in works undertaken by the corporation" . i 4 . 0 CONCLUSIONS 4 . 1 From the above, it is concluded that residents are concerned about vehicle speeds on collector. roads but the all-way stops which they have requested are not warranted based on provincial guidelines nor are they an effective method to combat speeding concerns . Strict police enforcement of the 50 km/hour maximum speed limit is required to improve compliance of the drivers i I 100 / REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 8 The introduction of unwarranted all-way stops on designed collector roadways could result in wide spread abuse of the stop signs by motorists while encouraging residents to request more all-way stops to act as speed control devices . All-way stops are not recommended at any of the requested intersections at this time. 4 .2 A speed reduction from 50 km/hour to 40 km/hour on Glenabbey Drive is not warranted. 4 . 3 Traffic volumes do not indicate a need to prohibit heavy trucks from using Glenabbey Drive. 4 .4 The school cross walk with an adult crossing guard, which has been in place since November 18, 1991, has addressed the safety of school children crossing Glenabbey Drive to Mother Teresa School. Respectfully submitted, Recommended for presentation to the Committee, c l Walter A. Evans, P Eng. , AChief e E. Kotseff, Director of Public Works dm' ist rative Officer RDB*WAE*ph January 10, 1992 Attachments i pc: Mr. D. Duque Ms . Marion Beers 88 Glenabbey Drive 38 Robert Adams Drive Courtice, Ont. UE 2B6 Courtice, Ont. UE 1V1 Mr. N. Nisar Mr. & Mrs . Eric McKinnon 37 Glenabbey Drive 48 Robert Adams Drive Courtice, Ont. 436-9254 Courtice, Ont. UE 1V1 Ms . Sherri Krajnc Ms . Anne Petrich 14 Glenabbey Drive 31 Auburn Lane Courtice, Ont. L1C 4A7 Courtice, Ont. UE 2C3 . . . /9 1008 REPORT NO. : WD-8-92 PAGE 9 Richard Farr Christine Stezik 24 Glenabbey Drive 125 Glenabbey Drive Courtice, Ont. L1E 1B9 Courtice, Ontario ME 2B7 Durham Regional Police 77 Centre Street North Oshawa, Ontario MG 4B7 I 1009 ATH HAMPSTEAD DR. GATE x U ... Z Y / TEMPORARY ' ROAD CLOSURE ir O� \ ANDRIrLuD H . C2 z D w m z MOTHER is vi a TERESA a: w SCHOOL m U PEBBLEBEACH 0 w alDRIVE — w z a. GLENABBEY W FUTURE c CONSTRUCTION OF o SCHOOL 2 GLENABBEY DRIVE J X- WALK O w I,co � FUTURE ROAD m EXTENSIONS a m BLO OR STREET ... ._. REQUESTED ALL—WAY STOPS I'll r5 oarvc qs_ cn. W 'd . KEnt.ET6[W iT T SUBJ g e�oon sT r S/TE - DRAWN J .M. DATE : DEC. 1991 i act noao u ^goo^ sr•ccr r— ATTACHMENT NO, 1 KEY MAP WD-8-92 1010 Part A Division 2 - Regulatory Section -� Ra-1101 (120 x 120)cm Ra-101 (75 x 75)cm Ra-1 (60 x 60)cm 41.25 25 20 . . 37.5 25 20 , 41.25 25 20 rtr-. Blank No. 1 & M.T.C. B-16 Support -Steel Blank No.2& M.T.C. B-23 Support-Wood (10 x 10)cm Blank No. M.T.C, B-61 A 2.11 "STOP"SIGN Support-Wood (10 x 10)cm (Ra-1, Ra-1t) Guidelines and Warrants for STOP Signs Stop sign control results in delay to motorists and may 4. At intersections where the application of the normal increase the collision experience. Stop signs should, right hand rule would be unduly hazardous. therefore, not be used indiscriminately. Stop signs are 5. Where three or more right angle collisions per year not intended as speed control devices. Their usage Js have occurred and methods of reducing the collision therefore limited to the control of right-of-way conflicts. experience such as improving sight lines, street light- Stop signs shall not be used on the same approach to in- ing, parking prohibitions, enforcement and geometric tersections where traffic control signals are operating. revisions, or a Yield sign have been tried and found Portable or part-time Stop signs shall not be used except lacking, in emergency or temporary situations, such as in con- A 2,11.01 One and Two-Way STOP Sign Controls junction with flagmen or at intersections where traffic signals are no longer working. When two major streets or highways intersect, and there is no priority to determine which direction should be As a general rule, Stop signs should only be used where stopped, a traffic study should be conducted. traffic engineering studies considering such aspects as traffic speeds, traffic volumes, restricted sight lines and A 2.11.02 All-Way STOP Sign Controls collision experience, indicate that the usage of Stop The following guidelines and warrants for All-Way Stop .signs is warranted. sign controls are recommended for use at rural or urban The following guidelines and warrants for Stop Sign Con- intersections. All-Way Stop sign controls may be used: trol are recommended for use at rural or urban intersec- 1.a) At two like roadways. Each approach should con- tions: tain the same number of lanes and have preferably 1. Intersection of a county road, city street, township four non-skewed approaches. road with a King's Highway. b) As an interim measure where traffic control signals 2. On a minor street or road entering a through street or are warranted but cannot be implemented im- highway. mediately. 3. At unsignalized intersections in a signalized area ex- cept where they would interfere with traffic signal progression. December, 1985 ATTACHMENT N0, 2 101 1 WD-8-.92 Part A Division 2 - Regulatory Section c) At locations having a high accident frequency where ped vehicle on the right will obscure the Stop sign. less restrictive measures have been tried and found 9. Where traffic would be required to stop on grades. Inadequate. For the purpose of this warrant, a high 10. As a means of deterring the movement of through accident frequency is an average of four accidents traffic in a residential area. per year for a three year period and only those ac- cidents susceptible to relief through multi-way stop 11. Where visibility of the sign is hampered by curves or control will be considered (i.e. right angle and turn- grades and a safe stopping distance of less than ing type collisions). Included in this warrant are 100 m exists. those locations where visibility problems exist which 12. Where any other traffic device controlling right-of- limit the safe approach speed to less than 15 kilo- way is permanently in place within 250 m with the metres per hour, thereby creating an unreasonable exception of a Yield sign. accident potential. Special Advance warning or overhead flashing lights may be necessary to aug- ment the control if vertical or horizontal alignment is a factor. d) As a means of providing an introductory period to accustom drivers to a reversal of intersection con- trol. Installation under this warrant will be for a period not to exceed three months. 2. On arterial roads and major collector streets the fol- lowing volume warrant may be used: a) a total vehicle volume on all intersection approaches, exceeding 500 vehicles per hour for any eight hours of the day and, b) a combined vehicular and pedestrian volume on the minor street exceeding 200 units per hour for the For legal reference and requirements of Stop signs see same eight hours with an average delay to traffic on Section 117(a)(b) of the Highway Traffic Act and also the minor street of greater than thirty seconds and, Regulation 486, Sections 7 and 8. c) a volume split does not exceed 70/30. The minimum size Stop sign (Ra-1) shall be erected on 3. On roads and streets not considered to be either ar- municipal streets and/or minor low speed gravel roads In- terial or major collector streets. tersecting designated local through roads in urban or a) a total vehicle volume on all intersection ap- rural areas. proaches exceeding 350 for the highest hour recorded and, b) a volume split does not exceed 75/25 for three-way control or 65/35 for a four-way control. All-Way Stop sign controls should not be used under the following conditions: 1. Where pedestrian protection, in particular school children, is a prime concern as the concern can usually be addressed by other means. 2. As a speed control device. 3. On roadways on which progressive signal timing ex- ists. 4. On roadways within urban areas having a posted speed limit in excess of 60 km/h. 5. At intersections having less than three or more than four approaches. 6. At offset or poorly defined intersections. 7. On truck or bus routes unless in an industrial area or where two such routes cross. 8. On multi-laned approaches where a parked or stop- , December, 1985 SPEED COMPLIANCE TABLE TRAFFIC STUDY SUMMARY GLENABBEY DRIVE, COURTICE SEPTEMBER 4, 1991 SPEED PER TIME SLOT COMPARISON TIME SLOT 55 KM/HR 56 TO 65 KM/HR OVER 66 KM VEHICLES OR LESS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 06:00-07 :00 61% 35% 4% 195 07 : 00-08:00 68% 29% 3% 216 08: 00-09 : 00 84%* 14% 1% 210 09 : 00-10:00 83% 14% 3% 118 10: 00-11:00 88% 11% 1% 96 11: 00-12 :00 80% 20% 0% 110 12 : 00-13:00 82% 16% 2% 149 13:00-14 :00 81% 14% 4% 139 14 : 00-15:00 78% 21% 1% 107 15:00-16 : 00 83%* 15% 2% 206 16: 00-17 :00 79% 21% 0% 246 17 : 00-18 :00 66% 32% 2% 275 18 :00-19 : 00 72% 26% 2% 255 19: 00-20:00 80% 18% 2% 179 *SCHOOL HOURS ATTACHMENT NO, 3 WD-8-92 013 I TOWN OF NEWCASTLE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT TRAFFIC SECTION TRAFFIC STUDY RESULTS FROM TRAFFICOMP 111 241 CLASSIFIER Volume by Speed by Type by Lane Report ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start date: September 4, 1991 Start Time: 00 . 00 Stop date: September 5, 1991 Stop time: 09 :28 = 33 hours City/Town: Courtice County: Newcastle/Durham Location: #63 Glenabbey Drive west of Auburn Lane Weather: Clear and dry ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Speed Summary Total Avg Spd 50%ile 85%ile >55 %>55 >60 %>60 >65 %>65 1= 3816 47 . 73 50 . 36 60. 07 961 25.2 101 2 . 6 101 2 . 6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Station Data Summary Speed 1-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66-75 76-85 86-95 96-105 Total Grand Totals 500 520 1835 860 88 2 9 1 1 3816 over 33 hours Percentages 13 . 10 13. 63 48 . 09 22 .54 2 . 31 0. 05 0.24 0 . 03 0 . 03 co> Type Cars Trucks Unknown Total Grand Totals 3550 58 208 3816 Percentages 93 . 03 1.52 5.45 F-3 z ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AM/PM Peak Hour Totals Speed 1-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66-75 76-85 86-95 96-105 Total AM Hour 7- 8 20 19 100 75 9 0 1 0 0 224 PM Hour 17-18 25 26 131 88 4 0 0 0 1 275 The Corporation of 4 The Town of Newcastle I 24 s f Larry Hannah Regional Councillor Ward 1 ATTENTION 't1:';P{OE Note b Fite NEWCASTLE Discuss With RECEIVED Please Answer DEC 2 0 1991 Note&Return tome December 16, 1991 COPIES TO Investigate 6 Report PUBLIC WORKS Take Appropriate Action DEPT. ��Sl File (?�rr E'Ti�✓G /aG�NDR Mr. Walter Evans Director of Public Works Dear Mr. Evans: Please find enclosed a letter and petition from the residents of Glenabbey Road pertaining to traffic and safety problems. I would appreciate it if you would assess the issues that pertain to your jurisdiction and respond to them as to direction or actions that may be taken. Yours sincerely; Y HANNAH Regional Councillor Ward 1 /pg ATTACHNF,NT NO. 5 WD-8—_92 fi 1D 40 Temperance Street• Bowmanville,Ontario L1 C 3A6•(416)623-3379•(416)686-2054 (Toronto)•(416)623-4169(Fax) 432-1019(Residence) December 2 , .1991 Dear Mr. Hannah, We the undersigned residents of Glenabbey Road, Courtice, Ontario, and surrounding neighbourhood are greatly concerned over the increase of traffic on Glenabbey Road and subsequently the safety of residents, but especially our neighbourhood children. We submit this Petition in the hope of drawing your attention to our concerns and ask you to initiate corrective action in the form of the following suggestions: 1. Direct non-residential traffic down Prestonvale Road (southward) past Glenabbey Road to Bloor Street. 2 . Erect STOP signs at. the intersections of: a. Robert Adams Road with Glenabbey Road and b. Auburn Lane with Glenabbey Road. 3 . Reduce the speed limit on Glenabbey Road to 40 Kmh. 4 . Establish a crosswalk on Glenabbey Road at Mother Teresa School. We respectfully request a reply addressing our suggestions by December 20, 1991. Please send the reply to: Concerned Residents of Glenabbey Road c/o Christine Stezik 125 Glenabbey Road Courtice, Ontario L1E 2B7 016 2 - The following are residential observations in regards to traffic and safety on Glenabbey Road. Traffic 1. Glenabbey Road is being utilized as a bypass for Bloor Street and as a thruway to gain access to Highway 401. 2 . Construction vehicles, notably dump trucks, use Glenabbey Road as an access route to other subdivisions. 3 . Peak times are 6:30-8: 30 am and 3 : 00-6: 00 pm. Residents frequently must wait prolonged periods during these times in order to leave their own driveways. 4. The noise level is excessive at peak times, Friday nights and Sunday afternoons. Excessive speeds and 'reckless ' driving primarily contribute to the problem. 5. No-one expected Glenabbey Road (a street in a residential area) to receive such a high volume of traffic, much of it from numerous other subdivisions. Safety 1. The speed limit of 50 Kmh is not adhered to. Cars often exceed the speed limit; many pass those who do drive the limit. 2 . Cars have been observed passing school buses that are stopped with lights flashing unloading children. 3 . Incidents of cars playing tag, racing or the like have occurred. 4. At peak times pedestrians, especially and most often children, find Glenabbey Road unsafe to cross due to the excessive speed and the volume of vehicular traffic. 5. The school year is once again upon us and Mother Teresa School is open for classes. More children in the area mixed with excessive traffic and speeding and 'reckless' drivers will certainly increase the risk of serious injury. i i 101 I PETITION Against Excessive Traffic and Reduced Safety on Glenabbey Road Courtice A6 (rr� 11 u N 8R BC-4 P-D ��N AEI IF L �D F 6 LC-1V 4- �ql6F1y 'l J LI-t 1 4 AY A, 4 wlfl / v Y _ I ' n1 PETITION Against Excessive Traffic and Reduced Safety on Glenabbey Road Courtice N � P�1�Y i PETITION Against Excessive Traffic and Reduced Safety on Glenabbey Road Co u tice i� AAA V' G1c� C V` C/ G�Cj Lt f 7 U �J { 7 - �- ' 020