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HomeMy WebLinkAboutEGD-14-02 , ~.. -t"." CI!JlmglOn REPORT ENGINEERING SERVICES DEPARTMENT Meeting: GENERAL PURPOSE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE Date: MONDAY, MARCH 25, 2002 Po I Resolution #{;fff-/L/I-o;< , Report #: EGD-14-02 File #: D.02.35.07 By.law #: Subject: REQUEST FOR PARKING BY-LAW EXEMPTIONS SUMMERLEA COURT, COURTICE Recommendations: It is respectfully recommended that the General Purpose and Administration Committee recommend to Council the following: 1. THAT Report EGD-14-02 be received; 2. THAT the existing policy that parking not be permitted in the turning basin or center of any cul-de-sac remain unchanged and that the residents of Summerlea Court not be provided with any special exemptions from existing by-laws at any time of the year including: . Parked within 1 metre of a driveway . Parked on a roadway between 3:00 a.m. - 5:00 a.m. . Parked with right wheels more than 15 cm from curb and . Parked longer than 3 hours; and 3. THAT Asa Pixley be advised of Council's decision. Submitted by: .4ttf~d/ A.S. Cannella, C.E.T. Director of Engineering Services \ Reviewed bl J ( c:cJ.!J)_ [~~ Franklin Wu Chief Administrative Officer RDB*ASC*ce 03/18/2002 701 'L ~ REPORT NO.: EGD-14-02 PAGE 2 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 At the Council meeting of September 24, 2001, a petition from the residents of Summerlea Court in Courtice was received requesting Council to have the following parking infractions omitted from applying to Summerlea Court, only during the months where there is no snow: . Parked within 2 metre of a driveway . Parked on a roadway between 3:00 a.m. - 5:00 a.m. . Parked with right wheels more than 15 cm from curb and . Parked longer than 3 hours The reasoning of residents for requesting the removal of these infractions is as follows: 1. Between 3:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m., parking poses no danger problems for residents. 2. Between the driveways, where the sidewalk is, only permits 1 vehicle. 3. Overnight guests cannot park anywhere within the court; and 4. A court location should not be considered a throughway and only residents and visitors use it. Council passed Resolution #C-521-01 referring Item D-17 to staff and to the Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee. 1.2 Previous Reports The issue of parking in courts has arisen a number of times in the past with residents feeling that they should be able to park in the center of the courts as they are the only ones that use it. The court serves not only the local residents 702 < REPORT NO.: EGD-14-02 PAGE 3 but must also permit access by larger vehicles such as Emergency Services, snowplow operations, hydro, garbage and recycling trucks. At a meeting held on May 26, 1997, the Council of the Municipality of Clarington passed the following Resolution #GPA-326-97: "THAT Report WD-31-97 be received; THAT the existing policy that parking not be permitted in the turning basin or center of any cul-de-sac remain unchanged; and THAT Ralph Brown be advised of Council's decision." A copy of Report WD-31-97 is attached for your information. 2.0 REVIEW 2.1 Review by Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee At its meeting of October 18, 2001, the Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee, it was noted that the majority of matters are by-law enforcement responsibilities. The one concern of the Committee is the use of the cul-de-sac roadways for parking in the center of the court. The request for relaxed curbside distances to allow parking in locations other than curbside is opposed unanimously by the members. 2.2 Public and Emergency Access Residents are not the only ones who need access to courts as a house fire or other emergency could occur at any time, including between the hours of 3:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. All municipal streets, including courts, are used by larger vehicles such as hydro, garbage, recycling, delivery vehicles and snowplows which require a larger turning radius than passenger vehicles. 703 , REPORT NO.: EGD-14-02 PAGE 4 2.3 On-Street Parking Opportunities Reduced by Functional Design of Courts Staff are not aware of any municipality which permits motorists to park in the center of courts. The parking regulations which the residents are requesting exemptions from are in place not only in Clarington, but most other municipalities across Ontario as well. There would not appear to be any justification to exempt residents from this or any other court from the existing by-laws. Home purchasers should recognize the parking shortage in courts due to the close proximity of driveway entrances as a disadvantage, but a suitable trade-off to avoid through traffic. The reasons provided by the residents of Summerlea Court to lift parking restrictions has not convinced the Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee or staff that changes are required. If adequate on-street parking is not available in a court or street, then residents or visitors must park on adjacent streets but must still obey existing parking regulations. A parking permit can also be purchased through the Municipality for overnight parking, but this does not exempt them from other parking restrictions such as parking in the center of the court or within 1 metre of a driveway. Summerlea Court is also burdened with the existence of a sidewalk on the north side, which further reduces parking opportunities by limiting parking on the paved driveways. Courts are not usually provided with sidewalks unless they access a municipal walkway leading to a park or open space. In this case, Summerlea Court provides access to nearby residents to Gatehouse Parkette. 2.4 Enforcement Parking enforcement is generally performed by Municipal Law Enforcement Personnel rather than Durham Regional Police. Enforcement is often based on resident complaints, while at other times there may be some discretionary powers. The existing by-laws are in place to ensure property access by both residents and other users such as emergency, maintenance and collection 704 , REPORT NO.: EGD-14-02 PAGE 5 trucks, rather than the convenience of parking. The Senior Municipal Law Enforcement Officer has reviewed, and concurs with, the recommendation. 3.0 CONCLUSION 3.1 That the existing policy that parking not be permitted in the turning basin or center of any cul-de-sac remain unchanged and that the residents of Summerlea Court not be provided with any special exemptions from existing by-laws during months with no snow. Attachments: Attachment 1 - Key Map Attachment 2 - Report WD-31-97 Attachment 3 - Petition from Summerlea Court Residents Interested parties to be advised of Council's decision: Asa Pixley 5 Summerlea Court Courtice, ON L 1 E 1 86 Clayton Morgan Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee 31 Parkway Crescent 8owmanville, ON L 1 C 1 89 CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON 40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1C 3A6 T (905) 623-3379 F (905) 623-9282 7D5 " -1 -1 ,J 1111 J L Glenabbey Drive 111-1 , \ , \ ", \ II \ , \ I " , , I I I , I , I , I , I , I I I ' \ \ \ I ( 1- F ------11 I I . . I I--l-r-. ~ \ I -l l~ikJ{n~\\ IIIII II I -trJ1R. tte ", \ " I II '~. /~~~. 1,\ :~-7l'TITl~ eo,_ /' / / I ! / / I Ii+"" I / / I Q.) ; / / ,/ i ~ / / / i ... / ,I .. I ,^ / " I V~ G~~:Y I ill rill I j / , I ;--- I Turnberry Crescent mm Ill' !. '=--Lj Bloor Street I I -€;- I COURTICE ~ I I Engineering Services I REPORT EGD-14-02 I I ATTACHMENT NO.1 MARCH 706 ATTACHMENT NO.: 2 REPORT NO.: EGD.14-02 THE CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLAlUNGTON xxxXlti~~~~~~~xx REPORT Meeting: GENERAL PURPOSE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE File # Res. # By-Law # Date: May 20, 1997 Report #: Subject: WD-31-97 File #: PARKING :IN THE CENTRE OF TURNING CIRCLES (WILDB COURT, BOWMANvJ:LLB) Recommendations: It is respectflllly. recommended Administration COmmittee recommend that the General Purpose to Council the following: and 1. THAT Report WD-31-97 be received; 2. THAT the existing policy that parking not be permitted..iilthe. turning basin or centre of any Clll.,.Cie-sac remain unchaI:l.ged; and . 3. THAT ~lph Brown be advisedo.f Council's decision. . ~- REPORT 1..0 . ATTACHMENTS NO.1: Key Map No.2: Petition received from Wilde COllrt on Janllary 13, 1997 2 . 0 BACKGROUND 2.1 At a meeting held on January 13.., 1997, the Council of the Municipality of Clarington pal;lsed, the following Re!3O!Rtion #C-3S.,. 97 ,. .. "THAT the delegation of Ralph Brown be referred to the Director of Public Works, the Director of Planning and. Development, and the Clerk to investigate the situation and prepare a report to be submitted to the General Purpose and Administration Committee; and " 707 .~C:YC:". /T\.. ......u ~.~~.. r_l R,"V_." 1 ') 1 11 REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 PAGE 2 THAT Mr. Brown be advised of Council's decision." 3 . 0 REVIEW AND COMMENT 3 .1 Introduction The Municipality of Clarington has approximately 120 turning circles located within its boundaries. Prior to 1986, municipal standards . varied and Wilde Court was built with a fifteen (15) metre outside curb radius and no centre island. From 1986 to 1990 the standard was set at a fifteen. (15) metre outside curb radius with no island. The standard from 1990 to the present is a 13.5 metre outside curb radius with no island. Some municipalities, such as Oshawa, still include islands within turning circles as part of their construction standards. Such an approach obviously eliminates the potential for parking in the centre of turning circles. The trend towards a smaller turning radius has made it more difficult for large vehicles to negotiate turns within turning circles. The absence of centre islands permits additional manoeuvring room for large vehicles, improved.. snow storage, and improved traffic movement. The residents of Wilde Court are asking for a five (5) metre wide painted lane around the court to create a designated travel lane with a proposed parking area in the centre. Any decision affecting the parking in Wilde Court could set a precedent for other turning circles in the municipality. 3.2 CoDDllents from Various Departments and Aqencies Clerk's Department (By-law) The by-law enforcement officers have issued tickets in numerous turning circles throughout the municipality for many years prior to 1.995. Enforcement is often applied on a complaint basis, but is increased during the winter months to ensure that snow removal operations can be performed. Staff is not aware of any municipality which permits parking in the centre of a roadway or turning circle. 708 1,215 REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 PAGE 3 The By-law Department is opposed to the proposed parking request, as it will lead to additional parking complaints. The parking tickets are issued as per Traffic By-law 91-58, Section 4 (1) (A), as follows: "No person shall park or stop any vehicles on any highway or portion thereof except as follows: Where there is a curb on the right side of the travelled portion of the highway, having regard to. the direction such vehicle was proceeding, with its right front and rear wheels parallel to and not more than 15 em out from such curb." Motorists parked in courts are occasionally charged under Section 4 (4) (D) as follows: "No person shall on any highway stop any vehicles in such a manner as to interfere with the movement of traffic or the clearing of 'snow from the highways." Other violations observed in Wilde Court include: - . Parking within one (1) metre of a driveway; . Parking in driveways with the vehicle extending beyond the curb line; . Angle parking; and Parking in excess of the three (3) hour limit. '" . ", 3 . 3 P~anning Department When the draft plan of subdivision including Wilde Court was approved and eventual~y constructed, the dwelling units fronting onto Wilde Court were sited in consideration of the regulations contained in the former Town of Bowmanville Zoning By-law 1587. A ill 709 1216 REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 PAGE 4 minimum of one and one-half (1.5) parking spaces per dwelling unit was to be provided. The Municipality's current Zoning By-law (Comprehensive Zoning By- law 84-G3) requires two (2) parking spaces per unit. From the siting plan of Wilde Court, it wo~ld appear that s~fficient area exists to provide this ~pdated minimum of two (2) spaces per each unit. Consequently, with their longer than average driveways, Wilde Court homes have similar or higher parking availability as compared to other courts- being approved today. ~ 3 .4 Fire Department The Fire Department prefers courts with no centre island, b~t objects to the parking of vehicles in the centre of the court, as they want the area for their ~se in an emergency. Vehicles parked in the centre of the court co~ld force the larger emergency vehicles to park back at the throat of the cul-de-sac and impede the fire . crew's operation. If a centre island curb were in place, the fire trucks coul.d drive over it in an emergency, b~t they cannot manoe~vre around parked cars. The Fire Department is opposed to the parking request. 3.5 Public Works Public Works is opposed to the parking request, with snow clearing operations being the primary concern. The driving surface of a court becomes considerably smaller in the winter months d~e to snow accumUlation extend;!.ng o~twards from the curb. In addition, snow is plowed around the court and into the centre'. The snow is p~shed into a central pile to improve access around the court and, as time permits, the snow is loaded onto trucks and removed. When a vehicle parks in the centre of the court it becomes an obstruction to both the operation of the plow truck and the snow storage area. When this illegal parking situation occurs, the plow' driver cannot perform his d~ties within the turning circle and must contin~e on with the remainder of his ro~te. This sit~ation 7/0 1217 REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 PAGE 5 generates many complaints _ from the public, stating that their court was not plowed, but the lack of service is often a direct result of the illegally parked vehicles. There are three (3) Public Works' employees sworn in as parking enforcement officers to assist the By-law Department. It is their duty to issue tickets to vehicles obstructing any snow clearing operations, with courts being the most problematic areas. 3.6 Garbage and Recycling Services Miller Waste Systems (recycling cOllection) and Laidlaw Waste Systems (garbage cOllection) have difficulty moving around some courts, and parked vehicles further hamper their duties. ,.... 3 . 7 Durham Regional Police Inspector Ross Smith of 16th Division Bowmanville has reservations about permitting parking in the centre of courts. To permit parking is contrary to the existing traffic by-law azld other by-laws throughout the Region of Durham. To permit parking is also contrary- to normal practices described within the Highway Traffic Act, which makes references to parking on the right hand side of the roadway and not obstructing traffic. >- 3.8 Desicmated Court Parkinq Concept As mentioned above, Staff is opposed to recommending this concept of on-street parking. Although there is some adVantage to be gained by the proposal, there are numerous disadvantages: i.... ~.. . Advantages . The residents would Obtain short term parking for a portion of the year. . The gain of eight (8) centre parking spaces minus the loss of two (2) curb parking spaces, would equal a net gain of six (6) parking spaces. ~-.;. .. ., 711 .. 171R REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 PAGE 6 Di.sadvantages . The Fire Department would lose their preferred parking area in an emergency, i. e. they can use the empty space or drive over a curb, but they cannot manoeuvre around parked vehicles. . The garbage and recycling trucks would have less room to manoeuvre and would prefer no parked vehicles. . The confusion for the public if one court has legal parking and others do not. Public confusion makes it more difficult for By-Law Enforcement and the Courts to enforce by-laws. . Additional. requests would be received. Once one court receives designated parking, others would likely request it. The additional requests would result in additional staff time for review, reports, additional costs associated with installation, and maintenance costs of signs and pavement markings. . Residents may object to signing requirements which may seem extreme, but would be necessary for enforcement. . Residents would still receive parking tickets for a variety of reasons, such as parking during the winter season, parking over three (3) hours, parking on or over the boulevard if a vehicle extends beyond the curb line. . It would be difficult to stop the public habit of parking in the winter season if they are permitted to park at other times of the year. . Wilde Court is large and would hold eight (8) vehicles, but standard courts being built today would only' hold four (4) or less. . Children, who love to play in courts because of the low speed and volume of traffic, would be playing between parked cars and could be hidden from a driver's view. . The By-law Enforcement Department would receive complaints of some motorists using spaces on a permanent basis, in excess of three (3) hours, and preventing the intended temporary use. . If any residents park in their driveways, but leave the vehicle protruding into the travel lane, combined with 712 . 1'219 REPORT NO.: WD-31-97 CONCLUSIONS From the above, it is concluded that, although space exists for parked vehicles'within the centre of turning circles, there are numerous safety, maintenance, legal, and 'garbage collection issues which would make this an ongoing enforcement problem. Every department or agency contacted had reservations about the request and would not support it. r '- . 4.0 4.1 .- . , ' < - r. - [ ;.- PAGE 7 . vehicles parked in the centre of the turning circle, the vehicle would interfere with traffic movement. Residents backing from driveways would have to watch for parked vehicles and pedestrians more closely. This type of parking is not permitted anywhere else and, if challenged in court, the by-law or signing could be jUdged as invalid. Although all residents of Wilde Court signed the petition supporting the proposed parking in their location, other residents, such as those on Maconnachie Court, have strongly requested, through a petition, that parking in their court be prohibited and strictly enforced. In other courts, the residents may be divided on ,the issue and a decision Would have to be made in support or against parking within the turning circle. . . ,-- Respectfully submitted, Reviewed by, .... ~k~. Director of Public Works ~- , L~ 1: -. RDB*ph May 14, 1997 Attachments ~ Stockwell Administrative Officer W. H. Chief Mr. Ralph Brown 6 Wilde Court BOwmanville, ON L1C 3X6 '" r,::' i .. Mr. Robinson 7 Willow Court Newcastle, ON L1B 1J6 713 12.20 I ' PROPERTY LINE CURB Wild fa Cf . 71 J i8J.- KEY MAP 1 DRAWN BY: JM DATE: APRIL 1997 ~!!~~~~EN~ ~~.11 r To: Clarington Council RE: DESIGNATED PARKING AREA HARKED CENTER OF PAVEMENT WILDE COURT, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO. Back in 1975 or 1976, the council approved the Development of Wilde Court. The plans were approved by the Council at the time. Parking for visitors must not have been given much consideration. The roadway of the court is circular, measuring approximately 30.5 meters in diameter with an entrance 8.3 meters wide and 18.25 meters long. For over 14 years, that I am aware of, vehicles have been parked in the center of this court for short periods during the day and evening by visitors to residents of the court, as well as, residents on Hobbs Drive and Deerpark. Also, people have been observed parking in the court to enter the Soper Creek area to walk and exercise animals. The parking has never created any problems with the residents of the Court. The parking has usually been done in the center, without interfering with the laneways of the permanent residents. Because of the design, a walkway to the green belt and fire hydrant, there is very little area to park along the alleged curb. When vehicles are parked according to the letter of the law, Upon entering the Court; visibility and roadway are restricted. The court is also used as a play area, which we are well aware of and everyone drives accordingly, or they hear about it from the residents. One night, I counted 31 vehicles parked in the center of this court, vith no laneways blocked, and with ample room for vehicles to drive around the court, or enter the laneways. This was a real exCeptlon. Yes, if a person entered with a Tractor Trailer or larger vehicle, there could have been .problems, but I am sure that if that situation arose, it would be cleared very quickly. Larger vehicles do have problems, even when there are no cars parked. Example: The garbage truck has to back up a couple of times because of the radius. One thing that we, the residents, have been very conscious oi, is snow removal. There is no way we want to interiere with the good job the operators do. Yes, they also have to reverse to get a=ound the court. They do an excellent jOb with the oversized equipment they are supplied with. ~ All of a suaaen, in 1995, vehicles parked in the center of the court started receiving. Parking Tickets. $15.00 a shot. Parked right wheels more than 17 em. from curb. Again, this year, every so often, Parking Tickets are issued. Due to this enforcement, which has been originated. by the Town, it becomes n~cessary for ~~e residents of the court to look at a proper vay for us to have ATTACHtffiNT NO. 2 WD-31-97 715 Jl?? Page 2 RE: DESIGNATED PARKING AREA MARKED CENTER OF PAVEMENT WI LDE COURT, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARI'O. visitors attend our homes or a place for us to park our vehicles so that we can use our laneways for other purposes occasionally. (Re: Home Repairs, Merchandise Deliveries, Duct Cleaning etc.) Yes, if you definition of a the court. want to interpret the law by roadway, it is illegal to park the letter and in the center of Therefore, wanting to be law abiding citizens, we request that the center of Wilde Court be officially marked as a parking area. This can be done by marking a Traffic Lane 5 meters wide around the court, which would remove the center from the roadway. The collection of garbage and recycling will be assisted vith this type of designation as it will save time and the carrying of containers a further distance. L1: is too residents, friends. bad that common sense has not preva1Led, and .ve, as have had to do something to protect ourselves and our Please find attached the signatures of residents that are in agreeance with this request. , 716 1.223 RESIDENTS WILDE COU13T We, the undersigned, are residents of We all request a DESIGNATED PARKING Court and have requested Ralph Brown, Wilde court, Bowmanville. AREA in the CENTER of the to speak on our behalf. II 1 Wilde Court # 2 Wilde Court t/t. LENc'-\.vc .-::-... ,: , lL/.jL-;~} # 3 Wilde Court >>4 Wilde Court >>5 wilde Court ;J.....I. 7t, ,'.r , J ;r 6 Wilde Court It/ If: ~ II 7 Wilde Court ().id:..:~Q.-, /i..1" - :r II 8 Wilde Court ~f' \.) n I ;r 9 Wilde c~urt /f~'~ - :;~{, ~YP~""V'I'A~~'~"":"'f ;r 10 Wilde C . I oun ~'.L ._ -!-'I':4-:./r( " /- <J ,r """ ]/0t'\S "-,,,..-q,- ..\ . -J' - --\ \ G l.",-l AC' J1 'IV....' ; .CJ ;r 11 Wilde Court -' .- 41' -1',- . ..:.......r."1 c~ - ii 12 Wilde Court , -, /:~/ ....::..~....:. f ; 14 Wilde Court it .. . 7\7 1??L1 .-.' 1/17 CI7G" - --- -~~. . --.. h_._.._____.__ '- \ il) I L-- D t:. " VI. . , J't - ./ C OUr:..I/ ~:.! {/ f ,A-hl J..',,~. 3! {y ..----/ tllZ I" & -----..... " T - \ 1 '--,. i i i -I: I: I(J~ & r\ 'r "!.~,,. 7! . ~ cr.5I----- . --- ./ --r- J' ~ "" 7 ,- 7M: '1.7, >1 J.,t. 4-t!. Y. . f -<-. ~/~'~ ,# 6 ~y :IF I ~n _ 0; - '<" '" 5 ( C7 I; ....: c.:;: rJ ,....p.-( E s:; I <6.1 ,'1 ""''l~ ~r . , ;' 3CJ; ~,~ ____./____ 'Po rr I I I ..... I _ // '<J ......_j- (, ,l\. ~ ~~" r J'\-- I '< I 1- .ot1. ... / / r \ ---. . \ \ '\. - - - - :R'~ ~t.!t<>7i:- 0 ?dJlr..Z! r-Ic . PES, 6 NI!' r,&-tV- /1/~.c.'9 ~ L -':-""- ,/J /:! 07 t.l ,_.: :... 1.~7 !- :.::. ";-;5;'" .:~ P-1 c 1 7 I.B.. .- ~ C.r: r- r. ,1 ';" <...! C "....'? ! i -- .-. \ \ .7.3", \ -- --- .;. (If l~,.b- ,:: .\ \_- - ~ .1\,,( '" 7"- 1t.4 "'~."f , L.__f.\'_- J I '.);?- G", 56'-'" - , ...... " \ \ " I / 1- "" f ,If ~ /, . . \ . \ . . i \ \ I~ .. \ ':'":: ~ ~ l I I 11; .it . . 1"- '.-;,-;.p.! -. y;. 2.7' -_ J, --.-.-....- :i. t I/~~ ~t.~ /7 1.;""1 -- ,.. Ii... 7'1" -- i-;"~# ~. ;..--- , i ,. -"--J ~~! ; ! ... '-" i \ \ \ . , \ . \ ~\ \'-.. v../ .)~ : \ I E f',f";~: /,l.....-;,:.: :" ;~;c..l-r.:: ) . - .-:: ...: r.~ ;. t..!: ...... ~; '.. :.... 1.)? '1 ':'~i ~ ;.r L 1.. ..... u-/7 ATTACHMENT N6.: 3- R,I(f1~r9'~rf~i61 ,\ Sept. 6, 2001 Municipality of Clarington 40 Temperance Street Bowmanville, Ontario "~ "J' '"~A' -, ,; ., -' .. .~" .-. ioI \J W ATTENTION: By-Law Enforcement Division We, the homeowners/residents of Summerlea Crt. In Courtice are petitioning to have the following parking infractions omitted from applying to Summerlea Court onlv during the months when there is no snow. 1. Parked within 1 metre of driveway. 2. Parked on a roadway between 3:00am - 5:00am. 3. Parked with right wheels more than 15cm from curb. 4. Parked longer than 3 hours. Reasons for requesting the removal of these infractions are as follows: 1. Between 3 - 5am parking poses no danger or problems for residents. 2. Between the driveways where the sidewalk is only permits 1 vehicle. 3. Overnight guests cannot park anywhere on the court. 4. A court location should not be considered a throughway and only residents and visitors use it. J.J r /15 b NAME ADDRESS - '! ro -5 0#~' - , ,- (---- .22 ~~ C_-C...:..~-=-.~~-:-~j. ~~ 7 '9 ..~. "-"- I. , ():z..J:~,," . ,~~-..... . . I.{ 0V f"\ SIJ........ "Il...Lt~ 6 5<</11'" ~ 5~ CL~ ~I ), c.ctu i' J( U- 720