HomeMy WebLinkAbout09/10/2007
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DATE: MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2007
TIME: 7:00 P.M.
PLACE: COUNCIL CHAMBERS
PRAYERS
ROLL CALL
DISCLOSURES OF PECUNIARY INTEREST
MINUTES OF PREVIOUS MEETINGS
Minutes of a meeting of Council held July 3D, 2007
PRESENTATIONS
a) Marion Manders, Referendum Resource Officer, Durham Riding - Ontario
Referendum on Electoral Reform
DELEGATIONS
a) Darlene Brown - Big Brothers & Sisters Month
b) Bernhart Roth - Proposed Official Plan And Zoning By-Law Amendments To Permit A
Place Of Worship, Associated Day Care Facilities, Parking Lot And Playing Fields -
The Durham Church Network (Item 4 of Report #1)
c) Elio DelGobbo - Proposed Official Plan And Zoning By-Law Amendments To Permit
A Place Of Worship, Associated Day Care Facilities, Parking Lot And Playing Fields -
The Durham Church Network (Item 4 of Report #1)
d) Harold Larter - Minutes Of Settlement For Rezoning And Draft Plan Of Subdivision
Applications To Permit Medium Density Residential Uses - First-Tech Mechanical
Systems Inc., Maria Wulczyn, And Percy Napper (Item 10 of Report #1)
e) Jeffrey L. Rohr - Compliance Audit - Mayor Abernethy (Report # 2)
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1 C 3A6 T 905-623-3379
Council Agenda
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September 10, 2007
f) Roger Anderson, Chair, Region of Durham - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the
DurhamlYork Residual Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
g) Kerry Meydam - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
h) Barry Bracken - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
i) Kristin Robinson - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
j) Wendy Bracken - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
k) Wayne Ellis - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual Waste
Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
I) Karen Buck - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual Waste
Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1) ,
m) Jaison Gibson - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
n) Shirley Crago - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
0) Alexandra Bennett - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
p) Katherine Miles - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
q) Jim Richards - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
r) Linda Gasser - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
s) Kathi Bracken - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
t) Cathrine McKeever - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
u) Paul Andre Larose - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
Council Agenda
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September 10, 2007
:\\.
v) Don Wilkinson - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
w) Louis Bertrand - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
COMMUNICATIONS
Receive for Information
I - 1 Minutes of the Clarington Heritage Committee dated June 19, 2007
I - 2 Minutes of the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority dated
July 17, 2007
I - 3 Minutes of the Newcastle Community Hall Board dated May 15, 2007
I - 4 Bonnie Gagne, Executive Director, Durham Family Court Clinic -
Annual Report and You Newsletter
I - 5 Robert L. Stevens - Energy From Waste
I - 6 Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) Member
Communication - New Municipal Energy Conservation Template for
Municipalities
1-7 Raymond Mantha, P.Eng., Executive Director, Ministry of
Transportation - Response to Failure of Minnesota Interstate 35W
Bridge
1-8 Betteanne M. Cadman, CMO, President, Association of Municipal
Managers, Clerks and Treasurers of Ontario (AMCTO) - Membership
Service Recognition Program
I - 9 Association of Municipalities of Ontario Member Communication (AMO)
dated August 29, 2007 - Ontario Drug Benefit and ODSP Upload
1-10 Steve Jacobs, P.Eng., Senior Project Manager, URS Canada Inc. -
Highway 35 Four-Lane Planning and Preliminary Design Study
I - 11 J. R. Powell, Chief Administrative Officer, Central Lake Ontario
Conservation Authority (CLOCA) - Nominations for the 2007 Central
Lake Ontario Conservation Watershed Awards
Council Agenda
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September 10, 2007
Receive for Direction
D - 1 Jane Black, Secretary, Newcastle Business Improvement Area -
Annual Newcastle Fall Festival
D - 2 Karyn Kennedy, Executive Director, Boost: Child Abuse Prevention &
Intervention - "Go Purple for Prevention! Campaign"
D - 3 John Colville - Speed Limit on Baseline Road
D - 4 Terrance J. DeYoung - Proposed Development of Properties Abutting
Highway 2 and along Darlington Boulevard
D - 5 Residents of Varcoe Road, Dale Park Drive and Bridle Court - Petition
Requesting Installation of "No Parking" Restrictions
D - 6 Douglas Browning - Resignation from the Property Standards
Committee
D - 7 Jaki MacKinnon, Executive Director, Bethesda House - 3'd Annual
"Clarington Take Back the Night Walk"
D - 8 The Honourable Lincoln M. Alexander, Chainman, Ontario Heritage
Trust - 2007 Young Heritage Leaders Program
D - 9 Sid Ryan, President, CUPE Ontario, and Shellie Bird, President,
Ontario Coalition for Better Child Care (OCBCC) - "Child Care Worker
& Early Childhood Educator Appreciation Day"
D - 10 John Johnson, Poppy Chairman, Royal Canadian Legion Branch 178,
Request to Add "Peacekeepers" onto the Bowmanville Cenotaph
D -11 K. Kerr, Head of Council, Tay Valley Township - Surface-Rights Only
Properties and Mining Rights
D - 12 Municipality of West Grey - Amendments to the Ontario Building Code
Act, 1992
D - 13 Jo-Anne McFarland, Secretary, Durham-York-Victoria Landowners
Association - I nterpretation and implementation of the Source Water
Protection Act
D - 14 Jason King, Alcatraz Skates - Naming of New Skateboard Park
D - 15 Brian Jones - "National Flag Day"
D -16 Corporation of the Township ofTyendinaga - Land Claim Negotiations
Council Agenda
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September 10, 2007
MOTION
NOTICE OF MOTION
REPORTS
1, General Purpose and Administration Committee Report of September 4, 2007
2. Report CLD-030-07 - Compliance Audit - Mayor Abernethy
3. Report COD-047-07 - CL2007-40, Asphalt Resurfacing - Contract 2 - Various
Streets, 2007 - Mill Street Grade Separation (To be distributed under separate
cover)
4. Confidential Verbal Report of the Solicitor Re: Property Matter
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
OTHER BUSINESS
1. Appointment to the Property Standards Committee
BY-LAWS
BY-LAW TO APPROVE ALL ACTIONS OF COUNCIL
ADJOURNMENT
CJ~pn
Council Meeting Minutes
July 3D, 2007
Minutes of a regular meeting of Council held on July 30,2007, at 4:35 p,m., in the
Council Chambers.
Councillor Foster led the meeting in prayer.
ROLL CALL
Present Were:
Also Present:
Mayor J. Abernethy
Councillor A. Foster
Councillor R. Hooper
Councillor M. Novak
Councillor G. Robinson
Councillor C. Trim
Councillor W. Woo
Chief Administrative Officer, F, Wu
Facilities Manager, Community Services Department, G. Acorn,
attended until 5:30 p.m.
Director of Engineering Services, L. Benson, attended until 5:30 p.m.
Director of Planning Services, D. Crome
Solicitor, D. Hefferon
Manager of Operations, F. Horvath, attended until 5:30 p.m.
Director of Corporate Services, M. Marano, attended until 5:32 p.m.'
Deputy Treasurer, L. Gordon, attended until 5:30 p.m.
Fire Chief, G. Weir, attended until 5:30 p.m.
Clerk II, E. Atkinson, attended until 5:30 p.m.
Municipal Clerk, P. Barrie
DISCLOSURES OF PECUNIARY INTEREST
Councillor Hooper indicated he would be stating a pecuniary interest with respect to
Report COD-043-07 (Report #1).
Mayor Abernethy indicated he would be stating a pecuniary interest with respect to the
delegation of Richard Ward and Correspondence Item I - 14.
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
MINUTES
Resolution #C-411-07
Moved by Councillor Hooper, seconded by Councillor Foster
THAT the minutes of a regular meeting of Council held on June 25, 2007, and the
minutes of special meetings of Council held on June 25 and July 12, 2007, be
approved.
"CARRIED"
DELEGATIONS
Resolution #C-412-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Novak
THAT Karen Buck, Jaison Gibson, Shirley Crago, Alexandra Bennett, Katherine Miles,
Kerry Meydam, Jim Richards, Wendy Bracken, Linda Gasser, Kathi Bracken,
Wayne Ellis, Kristin Robinson, Cathrine McKeever, Paul Andre Larose, Don Wilkinson
and Louis Bertrand be added to the list of delegations,
"CARRIED"
Mayor Abernethy stated a pecuniary interest with respect to the delegation of
Richard Ward as it relates to his election campaign expenses. Mayor Abernethy
vacated his chair and refrained from discussion and voting on this matter.
Councillor Trim chaired this portion of the meeting.
Richard Ward addressed Council concerning the compliance audits which Council has
authorized for the election campaigns of Mayor Abernethy and John Mutton.
Mr. Ward advised that he is in favour of the audit for Mayor Abemethy's campaign but
he believes that the audit of Mr. Mutton's campaign should be abandoned.
Mayor Abernethy resumed the Chair.
Karen Buck addressed Council concerning Energy From Waste and quoted from a
statement from the Netherlands regarding the effect of pollutants on human beings.
She commented that the amount of energy realized from burning waste pales in
comparison to the results that can be achieved from an aggressive recycling program.
Jaison Gibson was called but was not present.
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
Shirley Crago addressed Council concerning Energy From Waste. She encouraged
members of Council to promote the "7 Rs"-Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Research,
Remove, React and Refuse. Mrs. Crago believes that if manufacturers reduced the
amount of packaging they are using we could realize an 80 to 90 percent reduction in
waste.
Kerry Meydam addressed Council concerning Energy From Waste. Ms. Meydam
advised that the decision before Council isn't an either/or choice between incineration
and landfill as 30 percent of the weight of the incinerated waste ends up in landfill as
fly ash, In fact, incineration is just disposal into the air rather than into the ground.
Ms. Meydam requested that the staff report with respect to the peer reviews of the
project be released to the public prior to the September 4 General Purpose and
Administration Committee meeting and as soon as possible.
Jim Richards addressed Council concerning the staff report with respect to the Energy
From Waste project. He indicated that by letter dated July 11 he was advised that the
report would be available to the public on July 26 but later found out that the report
had been delayed. He requested that the report be released to the public
immediately.
The remainder of the delegations were not in attendance.
COMMUNICATIONS
Resolution #C-413-07
Moved by Councillor Woo, seconded by Councillor Trim
THAT the communications to be received for information be approved, with the
exception of Item 1-6 and 1-14.
"CARRIED"
I - 1 Minutes of the Kawartha Conservation Authority dated May 2, 2007.
A01.KA (Copy attached)
I - 2 Minutes of the Clarington Traffic Management Advisory Committee
A01.CL dated May 17,2007. (Copy attached)
I - 3 Minutes of the Samuel Wilmot Nature Area Management Advisory
A01.SA Committee dated July 10, 2007. (Copy attached)
I - 4 Minutes of the Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority dated
A01.GA June 21, 2007. (Copy attached)
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
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A01.AM
Mayor Hector Macmillan, Municipality of Trent Hills, advising the
Canadian Advocates for Tax Awareness (CAFTA) has joined forces
with the Canadian National Taxpayers Coalition (CNTC) to lobby the
Provincial Government to make changes to property tax assessment
in Ontario and encouraging Council to support the efforts of
CAFTNCNTC in working towards the creation of a more fair and
equitable system of property taxation in Ontario.
The Honourable Mike Colle, Minister, Ministry of Citizenship and
Culture, inviting nominations for the Ontario Medal for Good
Citizenship, a program to recognize and honour Ontarians, who
through exceptionallong-tenm effort, have made outstanding
contributions to life in their communities. Nomination forms are
available on line at http://www.citizenship.Qov.on.calenQlish/honours/
or by contacting the Ontario Honours and Awards Secretariat. The
deadline for submission is August 17, 2007.
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing News Release dated
July 6,2007, advising The Honourable John Gerretsen, Minister of
Municipal Affairs and Housing attended the opening of one of the
country's first Certified Local Farmers' Markets in Toronto to celebrate
the local fresh produce season and agricultural products from
Ontario's Greenbelt. The Greenbelt protects farmland so that many
present and future generations of Ontarians may enjoy foods that are
grown and raised close to home.
Garry H. Cubitt, Chief Administrative Officer, Region of Durham,
providing official notification of the Anti-lobbying clause applicable to
the July 12, 2007, release of Region of Durham RFQ 601-2007,
"Request for Qualifications (RFQ) to design, build and operate a
Thermal Treatment of Residual Waste" and advising that all inquiries,
comments, communications or concerns regarding the procurement
process must be directed to the designated Regional procurement
representative at www.reQion.durham.on.ca/purchasinQ:.
Concerns or questions regarding the anti-lobbying clause and its
implications to staff and elected representatives should be
directed to L. Birkett, Purchasing Manager, or R. Gallant at
robert.Qallant@reQion.durham.on.ca,
Association of Municipalities of Ontario Member Communication
dated July 6, 2007, announcing the Federal Government's intention to
meet with the provinces/territories and the municipal sector to
conclude agreements on the new funding programs provided in the
Federal Budget 2007, including the $8.8 billion Building Canada Fund
established to allocate infrastructure funding on a multi-year, per
capita basis.
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
1-11
A01.AM
Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) Member
Communication dated July 9,2007, advising AMO's Local Authority
Services (LAS) is in the process of developing an Investigator Service
to examine municipal complaints received in response to Municipal
Act provisions regarding closed meeting investigations which are
scheduled to come into effect on January 1, 2008. Program details
including the process will be announced at the AMO Conference in
August.
1-12 Kawartha Conservation Summer 2007 quarterly publication - "Update
A01.KA on Conservation".
1-13
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1-6
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Sylvia Wagg, Oshawa Cycling Club, advising of the 24th Annual
Scugog Circle Century Tour on Sunday, August 26,2007, from
7:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. All tour routes begin and end at Durham
College in Oshawa and the event is open to a maximum of 400
participants. As this is a shared road event, a road occupancy penmit
is not required.
P. M. Madill, Regional Clerk, Region of Durham, advising Council that
on June 30,2007, the Region of Durham passed the following
resolution pertaining to the intersection of Darlington-Clarke Townline
Road and Concession Street/Clarke Concession 3 in the Municipality
of Clarington:
"a) THAT Report No. 2007 -W-75 of the Commissioner of Works be
received for infonmation;
b) THAT a copy of Report No. 2007-W-75 be forwarded to:
i) The Municipality of Clarington,
ii) The Durham Regional Police Services; and
iii) Eileen VanGoor, Newcastle Resident."
Resolution #C-414-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Hooper
THAT Correspondence I - 6 be referred to the Director of Engineering Services.
"CARRIED"
Mayor Abernethy stated a pecuniary interest with respect to Correspondence
Item 1- 14 as it relates to the compliance audit of his campaign expenses;
vacated his chair and refrained from discussion and voting on this matter.
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
Councillor Trim chaired this portion of the meeting.
1-14 Jeffrey L. Rohr, CA, Laing & Rohr Chartered Accountants, accepting
C07.GR the appointment as auditors for the compliance audit of the campaign
finances of Mayor Jim Abernethy; confinming that, pursuant to
Canadian generally accepted auditing standards, they are not aware
of any relationships between any of the Nominees and themselves
that in their professional judgment may reasonably be thought to bear
on their independence; and, confirming that they are objective with
respect to the audit within the meaning of the Rules of Professional
Conduct of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario.
Resolution #C-415-07
Moved by Councillor Novak, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Item I - 14 be received for information.
"CARRIED"
Mayor Abernethy resumed the Chair.
CORRESPONDENCE FOR DIRECTION
Resolution #C-416-07
Moved by Councillor Trim, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Items be approved as per the agenda with the exception of
Items D - 5, D - 6, D -7 and D - 10 to D -19, inclusive.
"CARRIED"
D - 1 Brian Denney, Chief Administrative Officer, Toronto and Region
L 11.GE Conservation, advising pursuant to the proclamation of the Clean
Water Act 2006, and regulations effective July 3, 2007, the Toronto
and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) as lead source protection
authority for the Credit Valley-Toronto and Region-Central Lake
Ontario Conservation Authorities is requesting comments on the
proposed groupings of municipalities and the number of members to
be selected for each group for appointment to the CTC Source
Protection Committee and the selection process. A meeting has been
scheduled for August 1, 2007, to clarify any aspects of the proposal.
(Correspondence referred to the
Director of Planning Services)
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
D-2
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D-4
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P. Madill, Regional Clerk, Regional Municipality of Durham, advising
Council that on June 20, 2007, the Region of Durham passed the
following resolution pertaining to the Regional Cycling Plan Study:
"a) THAT Joint Report No, 2007 -J-23 of the Commissioners of
Finance, Planning and Works be received for information; and
b) THAT Joint Report No. 2007-J-23 be forwarded to each of the
Area Municipalities and that the area municipalities be asked to
comment on the plan and plan implementation including priorities
and financing options by October 15, 2007 and that a further
report on the plan and it's implementation be brought to a Tri-
Committee meeting before December 31, 2007."
(Correspondence referred to staff)
Renee Naiman, Regional Director, and Sue Harris, Clinic Recruitment
Coordinator, Canadian Blood Services, requesting permission to fly
the Canadian Blood Services flag at Fire Stations in Bowmanville,
Courtice, Newcastle and Orono during their "Sirens for Life" summer
blood challenge from July 2, to September 1,2007. .
(Request to fly the Canadian Blood
Services flag at Clarington Fire
Stations from July 2 to September 1,
2007, approved)
Association of Municipalities of Ontario Member Communication
dated June 28, 2007, advising that the Ministry of Community and
Social Services has released the proposed standard for accessible
transportation, in accordance with the Accessibility for Ontarians with
Disabilities Act (AODA, 2005); advising concern has been expressed
by the transit industry that the proposed standard will be prohibitively
expensive in some jurisdictions; and, encouraging municipalities to
carry out a local analysis of the impact of the proposed standard and
to respond to the Minister through the public review process being
held between June 27, 2007 and August 31, 2007.
(Correspondence referred to the
Accessibility Advisory Committee)
David Climenhage, advising Council of his past experience and
knowledge concerning Energy From Waste, stating that most of the
current negative views on Energy From Waste are based on early
waste incinerators that had virtually zero pollution control equipment;
expressing his view that Energy from Waste is a much better means
of disposal than landfill noting key issues are the selection of the best
technology, making sure the operation, monitoring and reporting of
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
D-9
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D-5
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the EFW facility are done in a way that assures that low emissions
are maintained over the life of the plant; and, attaching a copy of the
report "An Overview of Incineration and EFW Technology as Applied
to the Management of Municipal Solid Waste" by Andrew Knox,
University of Western Ontario.
(Correspondence referred to the
Director of Planning Services)
Deborah Bowen, Deputy Clerk, Regional Municipality of Durham
advising Council that on June 19, 2007, the Region of Durham
passed the following resolution pertaining to Election Signs on
Regional Road Allowances:
"THAT Report #2007 -A-38 of the Regional Solicitor be referred back
to staff with direction that a copy of the report and proposed by-law be
forwarded to the area municipalities for comment and that a further
report be presented to the Works Committee in September."
(Correspondence referred to the
Municipal Clerk)
Sheila Birrell, Town Clerk, Town of Markham, advising Council that on
June 26, 2007, the Town of Markham passed the following resolution
pertaining to the York Durham EA Update and Waste Diversion
Opportunities:
"THAT the report titled, "Waste Diversion Opportunities and York
Durham EA Information" be received, and
THAT staff be directed to investigate and report back on the diversion
initiatives outlined in this report, and
THAT the Markham's Waste Management staff work with Purchasing
and Asset Management Departments to investigate and report back
on a Zero Waste procurement policy for all purchasing activities within
the Town, including financial implications, and
THAT a copy of this Report be forwarded to York Region, Durham
Region, and each of the Area Municipalities in the Regions of York
and Durham, and
THAT staff bring forward a report to provide comprehensive details on
the implementation and communication of a Zero Waste philosophy
as well as additional waste diversion opportunities to a fall meeting of
the General Committee; and
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
FURTHER THAT this report include a recommendation suggesting
that the Region of York reconsider accepting blue bags for overflow
recycling waste."
Resolution #C-417 -07
Moved by Councillor Trim, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Item D - 5 be referred to staff.
"CARRIED"
D-6
P01.GE
John Mutton, President, Municipal Solutions, requesting an
investigation of the current provisions of By-law 84-63 concerning the
complaint process as it relates to tenanted properties; advising of the
process for filing a complaint with the Ontario Ministry of Municipal
Affairs and Housing and other municipalities; and, suggesting
changes to the municipality's by-law to incorporate current best
practices.
Resolution #C-418-07
Moved by Councillor Trim, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Item D - 6 be referred to the Municipal Clerk.
"CARRIED"
D -7 P. Madill, Regional Clerk, Regional Municipality of Durham, advising
C10.GE Council that on June 20,2007, the Region of Durham passed the
following resolution pertaining to the E9-1-1 PER.S. Updated
Telephone System Policy and Procedure Manual:
i) THAT the agreement for the updated E9-1-1- P.E.R.S. Telephone
System, Policy and Procedure Manual be approved;
ii) THAT the Regional Chair and Clerk be authorized to sign the
agreement; and
iii) THAT the agreement be circulated to Durham Regional Police
Services Board and area municipalities for approval and signing
of same."
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
Resolution #C-419-07
Moved by Councillor Trim, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Item D - 7 be referred to the Director of Emergency
Services.
D-10
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"CARRIED"
United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, advising
Council that on June 18, 2007, the United Counties of Stormont,
Dundas and Glengarry passed the following resolution pertaining to
the Farm Tax Rebate Program:
'WHEREAS the Farm Tax Rebate Program was previously fully
financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of the
Province of Ontario;
AND WHEREAS the Farm Tax Rebate Program is not a local public
service but provides lower-cost foods across the Province, as well as
the economic benefit of Provincial exporting, and is truly an income-
redistributive program with Province-wide significance;
AND WHEREAS Rural areas do not have access to the lucrative
commercial and industrial assessment and are being further
penalized by being forced to absorb the loss of 75% of the taxation
revenue on their farmland and managed forest properties;
AND WHEREAS the Ontario Municipal Partnership Fund (OMPF)
provides some municipalities with a fraction of their lost property
taxation, leaving municipalities absorbing the majority of the cost of
the farm tax rebate program;
AND WHEREAS the lost revenue to the municipalities is being
absorbed by all properties within the individual municipality,
increasing local tax rates and resulting in the local community
(including farmlands and managed forest properties) paying for their
own farm tax rebate program;
AND WHEREAS the Province's battle with the Federal Government
for proper financial arrangements was highlighted by the phrase "It's
time for fairness for all Canadians"; Rural Ontarians are asking for the
same fairness;
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
AND WHEREAS removing the Farmland and Managed Forest
Component from the Ontario Municipal Partnership Fund and
establishing it as a separate program would be more appropriate
since funding would be fair, easily calculated and would not be
impacted by other components of the current OMPF calculations; and
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Province of Ontario be
requested to separate the Farmland and Managed Forest component
from the Ontario Municipal Partnership Fund; and, establish a
separate and distinct Provincial funding program with 100%
reimbursement to municipalities of their annual lost property tax
revenue on farmland and managed forest properties.
AND FURTHER that this resolution be forwarded to the Minister of
Finance, Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Minister of
Municipal Affairs and Housing, local MPPs, Eastern Ontario Wardens'
Caucus, all Ontario municipalities and any other individual or
association as deemed appropriate:
Resolution #C-420-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Hooper
THAT Correspondence Item D - 10 be referred to the Agricultural Advsiory
Committee.
"CARRIED"
D - 11 Allan Hewitt, Chair, Clarington Public Library Board, advising Council
R02.GE that on June 27, 2007, the Library Board passed the following
resolution pertaining to a name change for the Clarke Branch of the
Clarington Public Library:
"THAT the Library Board request consideration from the Municipal
Council for a name change from the Clarke Branch to the Orono
Branch, Clarington Public Library, effective in the Fall, 2007,"
The proposed name change will revert the name back to its original
library name and is consistent with the naming of the other branches
of the Clarington Public Library, reflecting the location in which the
library is situated.
Council Meeting Minutes
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July 30, 2007
Resolution #C-421-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT Correspondence Item D - 11 from Allan Hewitt, Chair, Clarington Public
Library Board requesting a name change for the Clarke Branch of the Clarington
Public Library, be received;
THAT the name of the Clarke Branch be changed to Orono Branch, Clarington
Public Library effective in the Fall, 2007; and
THAT Allan Hewitt and Edie Hopkins, Library Director be advised of Council's
decision,
"CARRIED"
D - 12 J. R. McLachlan, Clerk-Administrator, Municipality of Huron East,
C10.GE advising Council that on June 5, 2007, the Municipality of Huron East
passed the following resolution pertaining to the current process and
time delays in obtaining Certificates of Approval and Penmits to Take
Water:
"Council of the Municipality of Huron East forward a letter to the
Ministry of the Environment with a copy to the local Member of
Provincial Government outlining the frustration of the municipality to
meet timelines to have the municipal water system up to the
provincial standards and the delays the municipality receives in
obtaining Ministry approvals in order to carry out amendments to the
C of A's or Permits to Take Water and circulate to all municipalities."
Resolution #C-422-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Novak
THAT Correspondence Item D - 12 be received for information.
"CARRIED"
D -13 Corrie-Jo Caporale, Council Secretary, City of Greater Sudbury,
C10.GE advising Council that the City of Greater Sudbury passed the
following resolution pertaining to Bill 150:
"WHEREAS on October 17,2006, a private members bill (Bill 150)
requesting the Ontario minimum wage be increased to $10.00/hour
was tabled in the Ontario Legislature;
Council Meeting Minutes
- 13-
July 30, 2007
AND WHEREAS Ontario has 15% of its population living below the
poverty level;
AND WHEREAS Statistics Canada reports that close to 40% of
people in Sudbury work in private service jobs, and that at least 25%
of all jobs in Sudbury are low-wage;
AND WHEREAS Citizens in the City of Greater Sudbury would be
amongst the main beneficiaries if Bill 150 is enacted as the number of
people living below the poverty level would be reduced if the minimum
wage was increased to $10.00 and more residents could spend more
in local businesses boosting the local economy;
AND WHEREAS because small businesses must already
competitively pay their employees to retain them, a $10.00/hour
minimum wage would not adversely affect the small business sector;
AND WHEREAS many local organizations are supporting Bill 150,
including the Sudbury and District Labour Council, The Social
Planning Council of Sudbury, and The Sudbury Action Centre for
Youth;
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT the Council of the City of
Greater Sudbury, in the spirit of social justice and in recognition of
government's basic role to protect those citizens in our society who
are most vulnerable and in need, hereby endorses provincial Bill 150
and petitions Queen's Park to enact Bill 150. The Bill would raise the
minimum wage to $10.00/hour immediately and not by 2010 as
outlined in the spring 2007 Ontario budget;
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT copies of this motion be
forwarded to the Premier of Ontario, the Minister of Labour, the
Minister of Municipal Affairs & Housing, and to Sudbury area
Members of Provincial parliament;
AND THEREFORE BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED THAT this
resolution be sent to the Association of Municipalities of Ontario for
distribution and support from all municipalities in Ontario."
Resolution #C-423-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Trim
THAT Correspondence Item D - 13 be referred to the Clarington Board of
Trade.
"CARRIED"
Council Meeting Minutes
- 14-
July 30, 2007
D-14
E05.GE
J. P. Dutra, Executive Director, Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D
Research Data, advising the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of
Health Canada has released the Proposed Acceptability for
Continued Registration (PACR) for the Agriculture, Forestry, Aquatic
and Industrial Site uses of 2,4-D; advising PMRA is proposing
changes that may be of interest to agricultural or other user groups;
and, encouraging interested parties to examine the PACR and
provide feedback by August 18,2007.
Resolution #C-424-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Hooper
THAT Correspondence Item D - 14 be referred to the Agricultural Advisory
Committee.
D-15
E05.GE
"CARRIED"
Peter Julian, MP, Burnaby-New Westminster, requesting support of
the following motion, tabled in the 38th Parliament, seeking to ban the
production and importation of products containing additive PBDEs,
chemicals used as flame retardants in furniture, textiles, and
household electronics:
"THAT, in the opinion of the House, the government should recognize
that fire retardants containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) are proven to be the most dangerous form of flame retardant
harmful to people, animals and the environment, and that legislation
completely phasing out the production and import of products
containing additive PBDEs should be brought forth within a year."
Support of the motion has been received to date from the
International Association of Fire Fighters and over 20 municipalities in
British Columbia.
Resolution #C-425-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT Correspondence D -15 be received for information.
"CARRIED"
Council Meeting Minutes
- 15-
July 30, 2007
D-16
C10.GE
Denis Kelly, Regional Clerk, York Region, advising Council that on
June 21,2007, the Region of York passed the following resolution
pertaining to Toronto Pearson International Airport and Proposed
Pickering Airport:
"WHEREAS on March 30, 2007 the Greater Toronto Airport Authority
(GTAA) made a presentation to York Region Council on the status of
airport travel demand to and from Pearson International Airport as
well as the need for fair and equitable rents at the airport, and the
increasing demand for a Regional Airport System in the Greater
Toronto Area (GTA);
AND WHEREAS from 2002 to 2005 the GTAA hosted and facilitated
regularly scheduled inter-municipal meetings for the proposed
Pickering Airport. Regional staff and local municipal staff from the
Town of Markham and Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville participated in
the Pickering Advisory Committee, Community Communications
Working Group, and Government Affairs Working Group meetings
facilitated by the GTAA;
AND WHEREAS Regional Planning staff have reported to Council on
the milestone events for the proposed Pickering Airport (Clause 7,
Report No.4 of the Planning and Economic Development Committee
2005, Clause 7, Report No, 7 of the Planning and Economic
Development Committee 2003);
AND WHEREAS the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and York Region
are experiencing significant population and employment growth that
requires additional air transportation capacity and services to meet
forecasts set out in the Provincial "Places to Grow" Plan;
AND WHEREAS Pearson International Airport has a finite capacity
that will be reached between 2008 and 2030 and there is a significant
need to enhance airport capacity and service particularly within the
GTA east area, specifically the potential development of Pickering
Airport;
AND WHEREAS airports and airport services provide significant
economic and community benefits by generating jobs, attracting new
businesses, and increasing assessment growth;
AND WHEREAS the Federal Government is responsible for airport
development, regulations and levying fair and equitable rents;
Council Meeting Minutes
- 16-
July 30, 2007
IT IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT:
1. a) The Federal Government be strongly urged to initiate the
Federal Environmental Assessment process for the proposed
Pickering Airport to ensure its timely completion; and,
b) The Federal Government be advised that York Region
supports fair and equitable rents for airports, specifically
Pearson International.
2. A copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Federal
Government, Transport Canada, the Greater Toronto Airports
Authority, Region of Durham, Durham Region Local
Municipalities, York Region Local Municipalities and the Province
of Ontario."
Resolution #C-426-07
Moved by Councillor Trim, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT Correspondence Item D - 16 be received for infonmation.
"CARRIED"
D -17
C10.GE
City of Owen Sound advising Council that on July 10, 2007, the City
of Owen Sound passed the following resolution pertaining to Court
Security Costs:
"WHEREAS Consolidated Court costs have put huge demands on
local host municipal Police Services to provide security and pay 100%
of the costs, and
WHEREAS the Consolidated Court is used by the entire surrounding
community and even by those further a field with its local municipal
taxpayers responsible for paying for security, and
WHEREAS a Consolidated Court could be used for a 'change of
venue' trial from outside their jurisdiction which would require the local
municipal taxpayer responsible to pay for security, and
WHEREAS the Province of Ontario is the only Canadian Province or
Territory not paying for Court Security, and
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT the Provincial Government
fulfill its responsibility and pay for 100% of Court Security costs, and
Council Meeting Minutes
- 17 -
July 30, 2007
THAT this resolution be forwarded to the Association of Municipalities
of Ontario for full distribution to all upper and lower tier municipalities,
the Ontario Association of Police Services Boards for distribution to all
Police Services Boards, the M.P.P., the Leader of the Opposition
Party and the Premier of Ontario seeking support of this issue."
Resolution #C-427-07
Moved by Councillor Novak, seconded by Councillor Trim
THAT Correspondence Item D -17 be received; and
THAT the resolution from the City of Owen Sound with respect to Court Costs
be endorsed in principle.
D -18
L02.GE
"CARRIED"
Catherine Sampson, Trillium Morgan Horse Fanm, Trillium Equine
Complex, writing to Lieutenant Paul Finnemore, Air Force Public
Affairs, Mayor Abernethy and Martha Rutherford-Conrad, Chair, 175th
Orono Celebrations Committee, providing a personal assessment of
the events of June 30, 2007, Orono 175 Year Celebrations - Fly By
which had tragic consequences for her farm; expressing concern with
inadequate notice provided regarding the F-18 fly by; requesting
compensation for veterinary bills incurred; requesting a ban from fly
bys in the future where it involves agricultural and residential lands;
and requesting an apology.
Resolution #C-428-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Novak
THAT Correspondence Item D - 18 be referred to the Director of Financel
Treasurer and to the Chief Administrative Officer.
D - 19
P09.GE
"CARRIED"
Vanessa Hughes, Public Affairs Manager, Ontario Power Generation,
requesting Council's support of OPG's application to the Canadian
Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) for a five-year licence to bring
into operation the Darlington Waste Management Facility. The facility
will provide safe, interim storage for Darlington's used fuel while long-
term management programs are put in place by the Canadian
Government. The deadline for submissions is August 13, 2007.
Council Meeting Minutes
- 18-
July 30, 2007
Resolution #C-429-07
Moved by Councillor Novak, seconded by Councillor Trim
THAT the Municipality of Clarington, as a municipal stakeholder in community
partnership with Ontario Power Generation, support the licensing applications of
the Darlington Waste Management facility,
"CARRIED"
MOTION
NOTICE OF MOTION
REPORTS
Report #1 - General Purpose and Administration Committee Report July 30, 2007
Councillor Hooper stated a pecuniary interest with respect to Report COD-043-07 and
refrained from voting on the adoption of Report #1. Councillor Hooper indicated that
he is a client of the finm which is the subject of the report.
Resolution #C-430-07
Moved by Councillor Novak, seconded by Councillor Foster
THAT the General Purpose and Administration Committee Report of July 30,2007, be
approved.
"CARRIED"
Report #2 - Verbal Report of the Solicitor - Legal Matter
Report #3 - Verbal Report of the Solicitor - Legal Matter
Resolution #C-431-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT the meeting be "closed" in order to consider Reports #2 and #3 and Confidential
Report COD-028-07.
"CARRIED"
Report #3 (Verbal Report of the Solicitor regarding a legal matter) was withdrawn from
the agenda.
Council Meeting Minutes
- 19 -
July 30, 2007
The meeting resumed in open session at 8:17 p.m.
Mayor Abernethy stated a pecuniary interest with respect to the delegation of Richard
Ward; vacated his chair and refrained from voting on the subject matter. The subject
of Mr. Ward's delegation is the compliance audit of Mayor Abernethy's election
campaign.
Councillor Trim chaired the remainder of the meeting.
Resolution #C-432-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Foster
THAT the actions taken during the "closed" session of Council be ratified.
"CARRIED"
UNFINISHED BUSINESS
Resolution #C-433-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Woo
THAT the delegations of Richard Ward, Karen Buck, Shirley Crago, Kerry Meydam
and Jim Richards be received with thanks.
"CARRIED"
OTHER BUSINESS
There were no items of discussion under this section of the agenda.
BY-LAWS
Resolution #C-434-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT leave be granted to introduce By-laws 2007-171 to 2007-182, inclusive, and
that the said by-laws be now read a first and second time.
"CARRIED"
2007-171
Being a by-law to authorize entering into an Amending Agreement
with the Owners of Plan of Subdivision 18T-96013 and any
Mortgagee whom has an interest in the said lands, and the
Corporation of the Municipality in respect of 18T-96013 (The
Kaitlin Group Ltd.)
Council Meeting Minutes
- 20-
July 30, 2007
2007-172 Being a by-law to amend By-law 84-63, the Comprehensive
Zoning By-law for the Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington
(Hybridyne Power System Canada)
2007-173 Being a by-law to amend By-law 84-63, the Comprehensive
Zoning by-law of the Corporation of the former Town of Newcastle
(Prestonvale Heights)
2007-174 Being a by-law to amend By-law 84-63, the Comprehensive
Zoning By-law for the Corporation of the fonmer Town of
Newcastle (Black Creek Developments Ltd.)
2007-175 Being a by-law to authorize the execution of an Agreement of
Understanding between the Corporation of the Municipality of
Clarington and 708545 Ontario Limited (Geranium Homes) for the
purpose of filling a future development site in the Emily Stowe
Neighbourhood
2007-176 Being a by-law to appoint an individual as a Parking Enforcement
Officer for Private Property
2007-177 Being a by-law to appoint individuals as a Parking Enforcement
Officers for Private Property
2007-178 Being a by-law imposing special annual drainage rates upon land
in respect of which money is borrowed under the Tile Drainage
Act, RS.O. 1990, c.T.8
2007-179 Being a by-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and Futuresign Multimedia Displays
Inc., Aurora, Ontario, in respect of the Marketing, Sale of Space
and Production of Rink Board Signs for the Garnet B, Rickard
Complex, Darlington Arena and South Courtice Arena
2007 -180 Being a by-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and Canadian Tech Air Systems,
Scarborough, Ontario, to enter into agreement for the
Replacement of the Rooftop HVAC Equipment at Garnet B,
Rickard Recreation Complex
2007-181 Being a By-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and CB Richard Ellis Limited,
Toronto, Ontario, to enter into an agreement for Consulting
Services, DurhamlYork Energy From Waste Environmental
Assessment Study
Council Meeting Minutes
- 21 -
July 30, 2007
2007-182
Being a By-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and Pepsi Bottling Group,
Fraserville, Ontario, to enter into agreement for the supply of
concession beverages
Resolution #C-435-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT the third and final reading of By-laws 2007-171 to 2007-182, inclusive, be
approved.
"CARRIED"
Mayor Abernethy and Councillor Hooper stated pecuniary interests earlier in the
meeting and refrained from voting on the confirming by-law.
CONFIRMING BY-LAW
Resolution #C-436-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT leave be granted to introduce By-law 2007-183 being a by-law to confirm the
proceedings of the Council of the Municipality of Clarington at this meeting held on the
30th day of July, 2007, and that the said by-law be now read a first and second time,
"CARRIED"
Resolution #C-437-07
Moved by Councillor Foster, seconded by Councillor Robinson
THAT the third and final reading of By-law 2007-183 be approved.
"CARRIED"
ADJOURNMENT
Resolution #C-438-07
Moved by Councillor Robinson, seconded by Councillor Novak
THAT the meeting adjourn at 8:23 p.m.
"CARRIED"
MAYOR
MUNICIPAL CLERK
SUMMARY OF CORRESPONDENCE
SEPTEMBER 10, 2007
CORRESPONDENCE TO BE RECEIVED FOR INFORMATION
1-1 Minutes ofthe Clarington Heritage Committee dated June 19, 2007.
(Copy attached)
I - 2 Minutes of the Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority dated
July 17, 2007. (Copy attached)
I - 3 Minutes of the Newcastle Community Hall Board dated May 15, 2007,
(Copy attached)
I - 4 Bonnie Gagne, Executive Director, Durham Family Court Clinic,
forwarding their Annual Report, reflecting the agency's mission and
purpose and providing a reflection of the past fiscal year, and
forwarding a copy of their "You" Newsletter, providing important
updates and information regarding new and expanded services of the
organization.
I - 5 Robert L. Stevens expressing support for an Energy From Waste
facility, As one of the silent majority, he can't wait for incineration of
our garbage to happen and questions the building of mountains of
landfill garbage when the technology is available to get some return
from our refuse. Mr. Stevens is also embarrassed as a Canadian,
that with all our land mass and small population (5 people per sq.
mile) that we have resorted to sending our garbage to the U.S,A. in
view of the harm 100 trucks cause to the environment traveling from
Clarington to Michigan each day,
I - 6 Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) Member
Communication dated July 24,2007, advising of the Municipal Energy
Conservation Template developed to aid municipalities in assessing
energy usage and conservation strategies to reduce energy demands
and to assist in phasing energy planning and reporting requirements;
and, encouraging members to download the template from the AMO
website at www.amo.on.ca.
1-7 Raymond Mantha, P.Eng., Executive Director, Ministry of
Transportation, advising that full inspections of all steel deck truss
bridges on the provincial highway system has been ordered as a
precaution by the Ministry, in light of the recent collapse of the
Interstate 35W Bridge over the Mississippi River in Minnesota; and,
encouraging municipalities with steel deck truss bridges to complete
these inspections as well.
Summary of Correspondence
- 2 -
September 10, 2007
I - 8 Betteanne M. Cadman, CMO, President, Association of Municipal
Managers, Clerks and Treasurers of Ontario (AMCTO) announcing
the launch of AMCTO's new membership service recognition program
designed to acknowledge member's longstanding commitment to the
Association and to the municipal profession; and, recognizing the
following individual members of Clarington's staff for their ongoing
support of the Association:
Patti L. Barrie, CMO
Marie A. Marano, AMCT
Linda Bruce, AMCT
Jennifer Cooke, AMCT
NancyTaylor
Maureen Wiles-Frost, AMCT
Cindy Fleming, AMCT
C, Anne Greentree, CMO
Wendy Chandler
20 year award
20 year award
10 year award
10 year award
10 year award
10 year award
10 year award
10 year award
10 year award
I - 9 Association of Municipalities of Ontario Member Communication
(AMO) dated August 29,2007, advising of the amendments to
regulations under the Ontario Works Act and Ontario Disability
Support Proaram (ODSPl Act to implement the upload of Ontario
Drug Benefit costs associated with both programs effective January 1,
2008, and the phased implementation of the upload of ODSP
administration and benefits by 2001, as part of the ongoing Provincial-
Municipal Fiscal and Service Delivery Review.
1- 10 Steve Jacobs, P,Eng" Senior Project Manager, URS Canada Inc.,
forwarding copies of the Transportation Environmental Study Report
(TESR) for the Highway 35 Four-Lane Planning and Preliminary
Design Study and the Highway 35/Highway 7 A Connection Study to
be made available for public review from September 7 to October 22,
2007, and advising a "Notice of Submission of the Transportation
Environmental Study Report" will be placed in the Canadian
Statesman on September 5,2007, indicating interested persons may
provide written comments to the Ministry of Transportation during the
45-c1ay review period. The TESR can also be downloaded from the
project website at http://hiahwav35,planninastudv.on.ca.
I - 11 J. R. Powell, Chief Administrative Officer, Central Lake Ontario
Conservation Authority (CLOCA), forwarding information on CLOCA's
2007 Watershed Awards to recognize environmental contributions
made by the community towards the stewardship and enhancement
of the watersheds and seeking nomination suggestions for
contributions made by individuals, community groups and
businesses/corporations. The deadline for submission is
September 17, 2007.
Summary of Correspondence
- 3-
September 10, 2007
CORRESPONDENCE FOR DIRECTION
D - 1 Jane Black, Secretary, Newcastle Business Improvement Area,
requesting the closure of King Avenue from Baldwin Street to
Beaver Street from 1 :00 p,m. on Friday, October 5, 2007, and all day
Saturday, October 6,2007, for the Annual Newcastle Fall Festival.
(Motion to approve, provided the
organizers apply for and obtain a
Road Occupancy Permit from the
Engineering Services Department)
D - 2 Karyn Kennedy, Executive Director, Boost: Child Abuse Prevention &
Intervention (fonmerly Toronto Child Abuse Centre) advising of the 3rd
Annual "Go Purple for Prevention! Campaign" to raise awareness and
provide education on efforts to eliminate abuse and violence in the
lives of children and youth; and, requesting Council to proclaim
October as "Child Abuse & Neglect Prevention Month" and October 1,
2007, as "Go Purple for Prevention Day" in Clarington.
(Motion to Proclaim)
D - 3 John Colville, submitting a petition from area residents requesting a
reduction of the speed limit on Baseline Road, west of Wests ide Drive
to Holt Road to 50 km per hour and the application of a "Road Watch"
program in the aforementioned area.
(Motion to refer correspondence to the
Director of Engineering Services)
D - 4 Terrance J. DeYoung, expressing concern with proposed
development of properties abutting Highway 2 and along Darlington
Boulevard and citing several problematic issues regarding traffic,
parking, decreased property values, loss of neighbourhood
aesthetics, and increased crime rates should the construction of a
multi-storey apartment building be approved for development.
(Motion to refer correspondence to the
Director of Planning Services)
D - 5 Residents of Varcoe Road, Dale Park Drive and Bridle Court
submitting a petition requesting the installation of "No Parking"
restrictions on Varcoe Road, Dale Park Drive and Bridle Court or
alternatively provide a reduction in property taxes to residential
properties affected by the parking issues resulting from the Courtice
Health Centre's implementation of a pay for parking system.
(Motion to refer correspondence to the
Director of Engineering Services)
Summary of Correspondence
-4-
September 10, 2007
D - 6 Douglas Browning tendering his resignation from the Property
Standards Committee as he is no longer a resident of Clarington.
(Motion to receive the correspondence
with regret, and refer correspondence
to the Municipal Clerk)
D - 7 Jaki MacKinnon, Executive Director, Bethesda House, requesting
penmission to host the 3rd Annual "Clarington Take Back the Night
Walk", an international event for women to "reclaim" the streets after
dark, to be held on September 18, 2007, from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p,m,;
enclosing a map of the route; and, advising liability insurance has
been arranged.
(Motion to approve, provided the
organizers apply for and obtain a
Road Occupancy Permit from the
Engineering Services Department)
D - 8 The Honourable Lincoln M. Alexander, Chairman, Ontario Heritage
Trust, inviting Council to participate in the 2007 Young Heritage
Leaders Program by submitting up to three nominations, one in each
of the heritage areas - built, cultural and natural, to acknowledge
young volunteers for their significant contributions to heritage
conservation; enclosing infonmation on the program; and,
encouraging Council to work with local heritage organizations and
youth groups to identify worthy young recipients. The nomination
deadline is October 31,2007.
(Motion to refer correspondence to the
Municipal Clerk to place an ad in the
local newspapers)
D - 9 Sid Ryan, President, CUPE Ontario, and Shellie Bird, President,
Ontario Coalition for Better Child Care (OCBCC), requesting that
October 24,2007, be proclaimed as "Child Care Worker & Early
Childhood Educator Appreciation Day" in recognition of the influence,
dedication and commitment of child care workers to children, their
families and quality of life of the community.
(Motion to Proclaim)
D - 10 John Johnson, Poppy Chairman, Royal Canadian Legion Branch 178,
requesting to add the word "Peacekeepers" onto the Bowmanville
Cenotaph and to inscribe Trooper Darryl Caswell's name beneath the
Peacekeepers dedication; and, proposing an official dedication of the
Bowmanville Cenotaph be considered for next year.
(Motion to refer correspondence to the
Director of Operations)
Summary of Correspondence
- 5-
September 10, 2007
D - 11
K. Kerr, Head of Council, Tay Valley Township, advising Council that
on July 10, 2007, the Township of Tay Valley passed the following
resolution pertaining to Surface-Rights Only Properties and Mining
Rights:
'WHEREAS Ontario's municipal governments recognize the
importance of Ontario's mining sector to the Ontario economy and to
the economies of mining communities; and
WHEREAS Canadian law has traditionally recognized as a
fundamental freedom, the right of the individual to the enjoyment Of
property, a right not to be deprived thereof; and
WHEREAS the Mining Act of Ontario recognizes separate mining and
surface rights on many private lands, bringing about a state of affairs
where there may be two owners to one property; and
WHEREAS mining activities on these properties have frequently
resulted in property damage, environmental degradation, and
unmapped mining hazards, disturbing residents' quiet enjoyment of
the land and risking public health and safety; and
WHEREAS mining activities, prior to advanced exploration, are not
subject to any municipal authority, conservation authority,
environmental review, nor the approval of the landowner; and
WHEREAS municipal governments in regions with an abundance of
surface-rights only (SRO) properties have previously called on the
Ministry of Northern Development and Mines to reunite surface and
mining rights on SRO properties to resolve the situation; and
WHEREAS many of these properties are on residential, cottage,
recreational lands and some in areas of Environmental, Cultural and
Heritage significance where mining is incompatible with established
land use practice; and
WHEREAS the Mining Act provides for Ministerial discretion and the
ability to cancel or annul the forfeiture of any lands or mining rights
under the Act;
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED THAT in support of AMO's
position, Tay Valley Township petition the Premier and the Minister of
Northern Development and Mines to reunite surface and mining rights
on SRO properties when requested by the SRO property owner or the
municipality iri order to effectively resolve this issue,"
(Motion for Direction)
Summary of Correspondence
- 6-
September 10, 2007
D -12 Municipality of West Grey advising Council that on August 8, 2007,
the Municipality of West Grey passed the following resolution
pertaining to amendments to the Ontario Building Code Act, 1992:
'WHEREAS, section 36(8) of the Ontario Building Code Act, 1992, as
amended, states that "No proceeding under this section shall be
commenced more than one year after the time when the subject-
matter of the proceeding arose";
AND WHEREAS, the effect of this clause is to restrict the ability of a
municipality to take appropriate legal action in circumstances where
buildings and structures have been placed on municipal properties
without first having obtained building penmits for same;
BE IT RESOLVED THAT, the Municipality of West Grey hereby
supports amending section 36(8) of the Building Code Act, 1992, as
amended, to provide municipalities a time limit of two (2) years from
the date of discovery for commencing legal proceedings:
AND FURTHER THAT, a letter be forwarded to the Minister of
Municipal Affairs; Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Building &
Development Branch; Ontario Building Officials Association (OBOA);
and to the Association of Municipalities of Ontario for distribution and
support from all municipalities in Ontario."
(Motion for Direction)
D - 13 Jo-Anne McFarland, Secretary, Durham-York-Victoria Landowners
Association, requesting Council to seek written clarification from
Durham Regional Council that the Region's interpretation and
implementation of the Source Water Protection Act will not include the
metering of private residential wells now or at any time in the future.
(Motion for Direction)
D - 14 Jason King, Alcatraz Skates, submitting a proposal to name the new
skateboard park being constructed at the Courtice Community Centre
after Rob Piontek, a young skateboard enthusiast and Skateboard
Park Counsellor for Clarington, who died tragically on August 19,
2007.
(Motion for Direction)
D - 15 Brian Jones requesting the municipality to plan to celebrate "National
Flag Day", proclaimed in 1996 as February 15th, and to co-ordinate
with other levels of government to make Canadian flags available to
citizens to collectively keep the spirit of the nation.
(Motion for Direction)
Summary of Correspondence
- 7-
September 10, 2007
D - 16 Corporation of the Township ofTyendinaga advising Council that on
August 13, 2007, the Township of Tyendinaga passed the following
resolution pertaining to land claim negotiations:
'WHEREAS aboriginal Land Claims in Ontario are encompassing
many municipalities and there is no mechanism to legally protect the
municipal interest
WHEREAS the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte initiated a Land Claim
known commonly as the Culbertson Tract in 1995
AND WHEREAS the Culbertson Claim is for approximately 827 acres
within the Town of Deseronto and the Township of Tyendinaga
AND WHEREAS the Federal Government reviewed the Claim and
accepted it for negotiation in 2003
AND WHEREAS negotiations began in 2004
AND WHEREAS the Government of Ontario is our primary partner in
regards to municipal affairs
AND WHEREAS the Government of Ontario has been invited to, but
has declined to sit at the negotiating table
AND WHEREAS the Municipality of the Township of Tyendinaga has
not been invited to sit at the negotiating table
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that negotiations be stayed until the
Township of Tyendinaga is granted a place at the negotiating table as
the property being discussed is partly within the municipal boundaries
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that negotiations be stayed until the
Government of Ontario comes to the negotiating table and begins to
take an active role in protecting the municipal interest
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that municipal interests in these
matters are given concrete legal standing within the Government of
Canada's land claim framework
BE IT FI NALLY RESOLVED this resolution be sent to the Association
of Municipalities of Ontario for distribution and support from all upper
and lower tier municipalities in Ontario, the Minister of Indian and
Northern Affairs Canada, the critic for Indian and Northem Affairs
Canada, the Member of Parliament, the Ontario Minister of Aboriginal
Affairs, the Member of Provincial Parliament, and the Premier of Ontario
seeking support of this resolution."
(Motion for Direction)
I-I
CLARINGTON HERITAGE COMMITTEE
Minutes of Meeting
June 19, 2007
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Paul Allore
Philip Carlton
Karina Isert
Victor Suppan
MEMBERS ABSENT:
Karin Murphy
David Reesor
Jennifer Knox
James Rook
uane Cooke
ncillor Novak
Leslie Wilson
REGRETS:
PLANNING STAFF:
Andrew Kozak
Isabel Little
ADOPTION OF MINUTES
07.19
BUSINESS ARIS
Potential Proiects
to meet with the members who have volunteered to work on
suitable arrangements.
TSH is condu within Clarington and Richard Unterman of Untenman McPail is
the heritage con nterman was a member of the consultant team that worked on
the Bowmanville ge Conservation District Study. Unterman has completed an
inventory of heritage features and has forwarded the portion relative to the east link to staff
for internal review. 51 sites have been recorded in the east link, 28 of which have buildings
present. The list of resources in the main line has to be sorted before staff will receive a
copy. The final technical report will be submitted to MTO this fall.
MTO contacted the heritage committee in the early 1990s as part of the selection process
to determine the preferred technical route. The Committee was provided with mapping and
they documented all heritage resources within the study area boundary. As a result of the
documentation, a grouping of houses in the Concession Road 7 area was identified by
MTO has having the potential to become a heritage conservation district. Staff will review
Minutes of Clarington Heritage Committee Meeting, June 19, 2007
the current consultant's technical report work to see if the recommendation has been
carried over in the technical report. Unterman's inventory will be cross referenced with the
Municipality's inventory to ensure that no heritage resources have been missed.
The recommended route for the 407 and the east link has now been determined. The first
Public Information Centre on the routes selection is scheduled for June 26th from 4:00 p,m,
to 8:00 p.m, at the Garnet B. Rickard Complex. The Committee members are urged to
attend.
Heritaoe Buildinos - Darlinoton Township
have been
Proiect Review Desion Guidelines
Item tabled to September 18th meeting.
The UPS Store's price of $4.50/copy has
ordered and to be available in one week. TIi
Administrative Centre and the Clarin ton Museu
can also be sold at the Tourism Offi
07.20
ered at a cost
Clarke book be
The owner has agreed to speak with the Committee
house. David and Karin will contact and meet with
The Rathskamory se has been sold. The house has a low ceiling in the basement
with half stone and ha (lirt walls. The future owner has indicated to staff that he wishes to
raise the house to put in a proper foundation. A heritage permit will be required. When the
property closes staff will ask the owner if the Committee members can tour the home.
Northolen Neiohbourhood Desion Plan
A letter of objection has been received from Mr. Holkema of 3222 Middle Road in regards to
the building being identified as a heritage resource. Mr. Holkema stated that he was
surprised to hear that his house was designated for cultural heritage purposes and that he
had hoped for development to put an end to its existence. Staff contacted Mr, Holkema and
2
Minutes of Clarington Heritage Committee Meeting, June 19, 2007
explained that the house was not designated, It has been on the cultural heritage resource
inventory list since 1986. The Ontario Heritage Act requires the Municipality to maintain a
list of heritage resources. A decision has not been made on the neighbourhood design or
the related planning applications to date.
A memorandum was forwarded to the planning staff that are processing the applications for
development requesting that consideration be given to potential conservation of the
heritage resources within the neighbourhood, The applicant's consultant has received the
comments and is working on trying to accommodate the request.
The deadline for submissions is August 3rd. Leslie Wil
Newcastle resident to nominate. Staff will contact
THE WALBRIDGE HOUSE
nd the herita plaque is to
since the first offer was made,
e considered.
tario Heritage Trust's report to
ormation Act. .
CHO Newsletter r
w guidance materials for the Ontario
FINA
The balan
Account Inte
Closing balanc
$860.46
$,04
$860.50
07.21
a by Karin Murphy, seconded by James Rook
AT the financial report be accepted.
"CARRIED"
SUB-COMMITTEE REPORTS
Clarinoton Hiohwav 407 CAC
Emma Doherty of MTO has forwarded a list of sources that are to be researched by MTO in
regards to heritage resources. The EA is still ongoing.
3
Minutes of Clarington Heritage Committee Meeting, June 19, 2007
Orono CIP
No report. Orono's 175lh is on June 30, 31 and July 1st,
HCD Advisorv Committee
No applications have been received so there is no report.
An Official Plan Amendment and Zoning By-law ame ent
place of worship, day care facilities, a parking lot a aying fiel
There are two heritage buildings in the vicini e public me
September 4th. The Committee members wer ested to conduct a
any comments back to staff.
Abandoned Houses
YouTube.com is a website that ide
also identifies abandoned houses, c
abandoned buildings boarded up for
if they are provided with an address.
websites and provide staff the add
identified.
been submitted for a
1437 Taunton Road.
is scheduled for
-by and report
NEW BUSINESS
Church Proposal
uses. Urban Exploration website
. By-law enforcement can have
e Property Standards By-law
were asked to search both
rt s in Clarington that may be
Kirbv Church
eeting be adjourned
Next Meeting
September 18, 2007
Meeting Room 1 C, 7:00 pm
4
;
'07JUL31 PM 2:06:35
CENTRAL LAKE ONTARIO CONSERVATION AUTHORITY
MINUTES NO.6
AUTHORITY MEETING
Tuesdav. Julv 17.2007 - 5:00 P.M.
MEETING LOCATION: 100 WlllTING AVENUE, OSHAWA..,~___..~_._..
AUTHORITY'SADMlNISTRATIVEOFFICE,BOARDROO1 r~l.:1~iJ,r . Ii!'
Present: B. Nicholson, Vice Chair ! ~_tJ\ ,L":i-2__.._ ,
j AGii. IN.. .
,
1-2
J. Drumm
J. Gray
R. Hooper
R. Johnson
J.Neal
M. Novak
M. Pearce
P, Perkins
cr~,::~s
r=-- --.,.
I~,--=-:.=,- '''" ,.
J.R. Powell, Chief Administrative Officer "",,__,"'_""" .. _, ... _ __.., ,__
D, White, Director, Corporate Services' .. 'T .. ___'
H. Brooks, Director, Watershed Planning & N~tura\ Heriiag~ -"
G. Geissberger, Community Outreach Coordinlilij[':' '--' , .-- - -
R. Hersey, Director, Development Review & Reg.l1a:tiorf'" ,...C'.',",,,
M. Hrynyk, General Superintendent
P. Lowe, Director, Watershed Stewardship & Community Outreach
P. Sisson, Director, Engineering & Field Operations
G. SooChan, Director, Groundwater
Absent:
S. Crawford
Excused:
A. Cullen
G.Emm
A. Foster
D. Mitchell
.......
In the absence of G. Emm. Chair, B, Nicholson assumed the Chair and called the meeting to order at 5:05 p,m.
DECLARATIONS of interest by members on any matter herein contained - NONE
ADOPTION OF MINUTES
Res. #72 Moved by J. Neal
Seconded by M. Novak
THAT the Authority minutes of June 19, 2007 be adopted as circulated,
CARRIED
CORRESPONDENCE
(I) Correspondence from Quinte Conservation
Re: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Policies
Discussion ensued regarding current practices at CLOCA with regard to pesticide use. Staff will report back to a future Board of
Directors meeting on recommendations to fonnalize current practices.
Res. #73
Moved by J. Drumm
Seconded by J. Gray
THAT the above corre.poadence item (auached as Schedule 3-1 to 3-4 of July 17/07) be receivedfor
informaJion.
CARRIED
-.
AUTHORITY MEETING MINUTES-JULY 17,2007 -PAGE 2
DIRECTOR, DEVELOPMENT REVIEW AND REGULATION
(I) Staff Report #4674-07 (attached as Schedule 4-1 to 4-3 of July 17/07)
Applications for Development, Interference with Wetlands and
Alteration to Shorelines and Watercourses - June 1-30,2007
Res. #74
Mo~ed by J. Gray
Seconded by M. Pearce
THAT the attached applications be approved and the respective permits be issued.
CARRIED
DIRECTOR, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
(I) Staff Report #4675-07(attached as Schedule 5-1 to 5-58 of July 17/07)
Clean Water Act Regulations
Res. #75
Moved by R Johnson
Seconded by J. Neal
1. WHEREAS the Clean Water Act, 2006, "the Act", establishes a drinking water source protection area as the
general area over which a conservation authoriJy has jurisdiction under the Conservation Authorities Act and
directs the conservation authoriJy to exercise and perform the powers and duties of a drinking water source
protection authoriJy, as further set out in the Act and regulDtions; and,
THAT the Central Lake Ontario Conservation AuthoriJy Board of Directors agree, effective immediately, to
constitute itself as a separate entiJy entitled the Central Lake Ontario Source Protection AuthoriJy (CWSPA)
pursuant to the requirements and provisions of the Clean Water Act, 2006 and its IUcompanying regulDtions
promulgated on July 3rd, 2007.
2, THAT the CWSPA approve the appointment of the CWCA Choir and Vice Chair as its Chair and Vice
Chair, adopt similar rules of conduct as are used by CWCA, and otherwise agree to conduct business in a
manner consistent with the requiremel/lS of the Clean Water Act, 2006 and its accompanying regulDtions;
and,
THAT the signing officers of CWSPA be the Chair and Vice Chair of CWSPA and tlu Chief Administrative
Officer and Director of Corporate Services of CWCA
3. WHEREAS the Clean Water Act, 2006, "the Act", establishes a drinking water source protection area as the
general area over which a conservation authoriJy has jurisdiction under the Conservation Authorities Act and
directs the conservation authoriJy to exercise and perform the powers and duties of a drinking water source
protection authoriJy, as further set out in the Act and regulDtions;
THEREFORE LET IT BE RESOLVED THAT the Central lAke Ontario Conservation AuthoriJy (CWCA)
enter into a letter of agreement with the CWSP A to enable CWCA to calT] out the day-ta-day plDnning and
business of the CWSPA in accordance with the policies and procedures of the CWCA, utilizing the
established corporate financial and business infrastracture of tlu CWCA and stoff resources of the CWCA,
augmented as necessary to support the Source Water Protection Committee;
AND FURTHER THAT appropriate CWCA officials be authorized and directed to take all necessary action
to implement the letter of agreement,
4. WHEREAS the Clean Water Act, 2006, "the Act", establishes a drinking water source protection area as the
general area over which a conservation authoriJy has jurisdiction under the Conservation Authorities Act and
directs the conservation authoriJy to exercise and perform the powers and duties of a drinking water source
protection authority, asfurther set out in the Act and regulDtions;
WHEREAS the Act provides for the Minister of the Environment to make a regulDtion consolidating two or
more source protection areas into a drinking water source protection region and designating a lead source
protection authority, Ontario RegulDtion 284/07 establishes the CTC Source Protection Region comprised of
the Credit Valley Source Protection AuthoriJy (CVSPA), the Toronto and Region Source Protection AuthoriJy
(TRSPA) and the Central lAke Ontario Source Protection AuthoriJy (CWSPA), herein after referred to the
"CTC Region";
(Res. #75 continued on page 3)
AUTHORITY MEETING MINUTES - JULY 17, 2007 - PAGE 3
WHEREAS the Act states that the lead source protection authority and the other source protection authorities
in the source protection region shall, within 90 days after the establishment of the source protection region,
enter into an agreement thai deals with,
a) the exercise and performance of the lead source protection authority's powers and duties; and
b) other matters related ta the relationship between the lead source protection authority and the other
source protection authorities in the source protection region;
WHEREAS the Act authorizes that if no agreement is entered into within 90 days of the establishment of the
region, the Minister of the Environment may make an order directed to the source protection authorities in
the source protection region governing any matter pertaining to the exercise and perfornuJ1U:e of the lead
source protection authority's powers and duties and/or other matters related to the relationship between the
lend and other source protection authorities in the source protection region;
THAT the Central lAke Ontario Source Protection Authority (CWSPA) enter into an agreement with the
Toronto and Region Source Protection Authority (TRSPA) and Credit VaUey Source Protection Authority
(CVSPA) for the purposes of complMnce with the requirements of the Clean Water Act, 2006 and regulations
and to jointly advance source protection within the CTC Region, premised upon mutual consent and
agreement between the Parties, while respecting the individual needs and priorities that are unique to each
source protection area; and to establish the terms of administration of the drinking water source protection
program within the CTC Region, the roles and responsibilities of the Parties, and means by which the Parties
wiU fulfill the requirements of the Act;
THAT the Agreement be based on the draft Memorandum of Agreement between Toronto and Region Source
Protection Authority, Credit Valley Source Protection Authority and Central Lake Ontorio Source Protection
Authority appended herewith;
THAT CWCA officials be authorized to act on behalf of the CWSPA and to take such action as is necessary
to fllUllize the Memorandum of Agreement, in consultation with the staff of TRCA representing TRSPA and
staff of evc representing CVSPA; and,
FURTHER THAT the CWSPA Chair and CWCA Chief Administrative Officer as authorized signing
o.ffieers of CWSPA be authorized to execute the Memorandum of Agreement and deliver it to the Minister of
the Environment no later than October 1, 2007.
CARRIED
DIRECTOR, ENGINEERING & FIELD OPERATIONS
(I) Staff Report #4677.m (attached as Schedule 6-1 to 6-10 of July 17/07)
Application: for development
Applicant (Owner): C.L.O.C.A.
Application(s): Development activities associated with the interior
renovation of the CLOCA Conference Centre.
Location of site: 100 Whiting Avenue, Oshawa, Ontario
Part of Lot 10, Broken Front Concession, City of Oshawa
Res. #76
Moved by J. Gray
Seconded by R. Hooper
THAT the CWCA Board of Directors approve the CWCA Conference Centre renovation project.
CARRIED
DIRECTOR, CORPORATE SERVICES
(I) Staff Report #4673-07
Policies for Purchase of Goods, Services and Disposal of Assets
Res. #77
Moved by M. Novak
Seconded by M. Pearce
THAT Staff Report #4673-07 (attached as Schedule 7-1 to 7-10 of July 17/07) be received for information; and,
THAT Amendments to Purchasing Policy, section 1.2 c) and section 1.4 a) be approved as presented.
CARRIED
~
AUTHORITY MEETING MINUTES-JULY 17,2007 -PAGE 4
CIllEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
(1) Staff Report #4676-07
Advisory Panel on the Ontario Drinking Water Stewardship Program
Final Report: April 2007
M. Pearce and P. Perkins raised a number of issues/concerns around administration, accountability, the lack of clarity in the report
about cost sharing and the general lack of detail: a major concern being the potential impact on the agricultural sector. J.R. Powell
advised that the program was put together without details related to such things as priority areas. He also advised that CLOCA would
be able to access funding for communications and outreach through Conservation Ontario. Without any wellhead protection areas in
the CLOCA watershed, it is unlikely that we would have access to other kinds of project funding.
Res, #78
Moved by P, Perkins
Seconded by R. Johnson
THAT Staff Report #4676-07 (attached as Schedule 8-1 to 8-17 of July 17/07) b. recei.edfor informotion.
CARRIED
MUNICIPAL AND OTHER BUSINESS
R. Johnson commended staff for their ongoing efforts around outreach and education. He had recently heard a segment on Rogers
Daytime about low water conditions and water conservation.
ADJOURNMENT
Res. #79
Moved by R. Johnson
Seconded by J. Neal
THAT the meeting adjourn.
CARRIED
The meeting adjourned at 5:40 p.m.
1-3
MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
NEWCASTLE COMMUNITY HALL BOARD
Minutes of a meeting of the Newcastle Community Hall Board
Held on May 15, 2007 at 7:00 pm in the Council Chambers,
Present Were: C. Abraham (chair)
L. Franssen
P. Dejong
S. Dejong
G. Robinson (councillor)
C. Trim (councillor)
G. Bell (secretary)
Regrets From: S. Snowdon
MINUTES
1.1 Moved by P. Dejong, seconded by G, Robinson
That the minutes of April 24, 2007 meeting be accepted as circulated.
"Carried"
BUSINESS ARISING
2.1 Steven Fogg has been hired as the temporary custodian.
2.2 G. Bell has spoken with George Acorn (municipal contact) regarding a presentation at our meetin
of what our partnership is with Lakeridge Health. He will be looking into having a representative
attend out June meeting.
2.3 G. Bell gave report on workshop attended on Alcohol Management. Hall boards and Operations
Dept are working on a policy. Board will be kept apprised.
2.4 Board members discussed the Irene Rinch trust fund. They would like to invite Nancy Taylor,
Director of Finance to our June meeting to discuss.
FINANCIAL REPORT
3.1 Moved by C. Trim, seconded by G. Robinson
That the financial report be accepted as circulated.
"Carried"
BILLS
4,1 Moved by L. Franssen, seconded by C. Trim
Those bills in the amount of $450.00 for supervision are paid as presented. "Carried"
CORRESPONDENCE/SUPERVISION
5.1 Supervision for June was allocated,
5.2 Agenda for Operations Dept meeting with Hall Boards received. Board members encouraged to
attend this meeting.
5.3 TSSA Inspection Report for chairlift received - all previous directions have been resolved.
5.4 Letter received from wedding planner for July 21 client requesting permission to set up a cafe
outside of kitchen area on the west side of building, with alcohol permit. Board discussed but fell
due to liability issues this would not be allowed. Secretary to inform planner,
HEALTH AND SAFETY
6.1 Custodian will be doing monthly inspection for May. 27, 07
NEW BUSINESS
7.1 Secretary suggested purchase oftable toters to assist custodian in his job. It would reduce the
amount of lifting needed to put tables away,
Moved by C. Trim, seconded by S. DeJong
That we purchase 3 tabletoter carts from Schoolhouse Products at a cost of no more than
$2000.00. "Carried"
7.2 S. DeJong will pursue information on gate project for west entrance of hall.
7.3 Board discussed the purchase of windbreaker jackets for all board members to wear when on dut)
so assist clients in readily identifYing supervision,
Moved by C, Trim, seconded by G. Robinson
That the board purchase windbreakers for each board member to be worn while on duty.
"Carried"
7.4 Chair asked that rope used for decorating by S. DeJong be removed from auditorium ceiling the
same day event is fInished, He will remove rope this evening.
7.5 West side floodlight is not working - secretary will notify Operations.
7.6 Secretary requested purchase of white board for Centennial Room for use by clients holding
meeting.
Moved by P. DeJong, seconded by L. Franssen
That whiteboard be purchased from Grand and Toy for $149.32.
"Carried"
7.7 Moved by P. DeJong, seconded by S. DeJong
That new carpets be purchased for downstairs foyer, west kitchen entrauce, and 2 for
auditorium entrances. "Carried"
7.8 Secretary to see that all members receive copy of Irene Rinch trust.
.
7.9 Secretary will again check into possibility of air conditioning for the auditorium.
Adjourned 8:20 pm
REPORT #1
REPORT TO COUNCIL MEETING OF SEPTEMBER 10, 2007
SUBJECT: GENERAL PURPOSE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE MEETING
OF TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4,2007
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. RECEIVE FOR INFORMATION
(a) EGD-050-07 Monthly Report on Building Permit Activity for July, 2007
(b) FND-016-07 Annual Leasing Report 2007
2. FORTHWITH RECOMMENDATIONS
(a) Painting of Yellow Ribbon of Support on Bowmanville Eagles home ice
surface.
(b) Correspondence - Randy Cowan requesting permission for Sprucewood
Cres. street party and road blockage.
(c) Correspondence - Wendy Bellam requesting permission for parking spaces
for store opening.
3. PROPOSED ZONING BY-LAW AMENDMENT TO FACILITATE THE
SEVERANCE OF A HAMLET RESIDENTIAL LOT
APPLICANT: WILLIAM AND JEAN KIMBALL
THAT Report PSD-094-07 be received;
THAT the application submitted by William and Jean Kimball for Zoning By-law
Amendment, be referred back to staff for further processing and the preparation of
a subsequent report following the receipt of the hydrogeological report; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-094-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
Report #1
2
September 4, 2007
4. PROPOSED OFFICIAL PLAN AND ZONING BY-LAW AMENDMENTS TO
PERMIT A PLACE OF WORSHIP, ASSOCIATED DAY CARE FACILITIES,
PARKING LOT AND PLAYING FIELDS
APPLICANT: THE DURHAM CHURCH NETWORK
THAT Report PSD-095-07 be received;
THAT the applications submitted by The Durham Church Network for Official Plan
and Zoning By-law Amendments, be referred back to Staff for further processing
and the preparation of a subsequent report following the receipt of the outstanding
agency comments; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-095-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
5. SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION FACILITY
APPLICANT: HYBRIDYNE POWER SYSTEM CANADA
THAT Report PSD-096-07 be received;
THAT the application for Zoning By-law Amendment (ZBA 2007-0035) submitted
by Hybridyne Power System Canada to change the zoning category of 10.5 acres
land from "Agricultural (A) Zone" to "Agricultural Exception Zone A-80" to allow the
proposed solar energy generation facility and that the By-law contained in
Attachment 2 to Report PSD-096-07 be passed; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-096-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
6. UPDATE ON MUNICIPAL PEER REVIEW OF THE DURHAMIYORK RESIDUAL
WASTE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
THAT Report PSD-097-07 be received;
THAT Section 3.3 and Attachments 6 and 8A to this report be approved as the
Municipality of Clarington's comments, to date, for the Site Selection segment of
the EA process;
THAT Section 3.4 and Attachments 7 and 8B of this report be approved as the
Municipality of Clarington's comments, to date, on the Generic Human Health and
Ecological Risk Assessment, a component of the EA process;
THAT Clarington request that the Region provide the other reports; including the
Traffic Impact Analysis, Archeological Assessment, Air and Groundwater
Monitoring, Environmental Impact Study; Land Use, Infrastructure and Servicing
Assessments; with sufficient time given to the Municipality and others to review
and comment, prior to completing their analysis and selecting a preferred site;
Report #1
3
September 4, 2007
THAT a copy of this report be forwarded to the Region of Durham, the Region of
York and Ministry of Environment; and
THAT all interested parties, including the Regions of York and Durham, and the
Joint Waste Management Committee, be notified of Council's decision.
7. MONITORING OF THE DECISIONS OF THE COMMITTEE OF ADJUSTMENT
FOR THE MEETINGS OF JULY 26 AND AUGUST 16, 2007
THAT Report PSD-098-07 be received;
THAT Council concurs with the decisions of the Committee of Adjustment made
on July 26, and August 16, 2007 for Applications A2007-0036, A2007-0038,
A2007-0039, A2007-0041 through A2007-0044 inclusive and that staff be
authorized to appear before the Ontario Municipal Board to defend the decisions
of the Committee of Adjustment; and
THAT Council concurs that an appeal of the decision made by the Committee of
Adjustment on July 26,2007 for application A2007-0040 was not warranted.
8. MINOR VARIANCE TO SIGN BY-LAW 97-157
APPLICANT: TERREN'S WELLNESS CENTRE, ORONO
THAT Report PSD-099-07 be received;
THAT the application for Minor Variance to the Municipality of Clarington Sign By-
law 97-157, submitted by Terren's Wellness Centre, to penmit an increase in the
number of permitted signs from one permanent sign to three penmanent signs be
approved;
THAT the portion of the application to permit a temporary, A-board sign for a
period of up to twelve months before a new permit must be issued, be denied; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-099-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
Report #1
4
September 4, 2007
9. PROPOSED REGIONAL OFFICAL PLAN AMENDMENT - COMMUNITY
IMPROVEMENT PLANS
THAT Report PSD-100-07 be received;
THAT the Regional Municipality of Durham be requested to revise proposed policy
14,5.3 (as shown in bold) to read as follows:
"That the Region's participation in the implementation of an area
municipal Community Improvement Plan shall be restricted to
projects that contribute to achieving the goals of the Regional
Official Plan for Regional Centres and Regional Corridors,
Employment Areas, and Waterfront Places in accordance with
policies 8.1.8 and 8.1.12, 8.1.15 to 8.1.17 and 10C respectively.
These elements of the Urban System are planned as mixed-use
residential, commercial, employment areas, and people places
and are recognized as the focal point of urban activities";
THAT the criteria for the Region's proposed Revitalization Program be developed
to consider economic diversification and job creation objectives as part of the
criteria; and
THAT a copy of Report PSD-1 00-07 be forwarded to the Ministry of Municipal
Affairs and Housing and the Region of Durham Planning Department.
10. MINUTES OF SETTLEMENT FOR REZONING AND DRAFT PLAN OF
SUBDIVISION APPLICATIONS TO PERMIT MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL
USES
APPLICANT: FIRST.TECH MECHANICAL SYSTEMS INC., MARIA WULCZYN,
AND PERCY NAPPER
THAT Report PSD-101-07 be received;
THAT the draft Minutes of Settlement between First-Tech Mechanical Systems
Inc., Maria Wulczyn, and Percy Napper and the Municipality of Clarington
contained in Attachment 2 to Report PSD-101-07, be approved;
THAT the By-law contained in Attachment 3 to Report PSD-101-07, to authorize
the Mayor and Clerk to execute Minutes of Settlement between First-Tech
Mechanical Systems Inc., Maria Wulczyn, and Percy Napper and the Municipality
of Clarington, substantially in the form of the draft Minutes of Settlement contained
in Attachment 2 to Report PSD-1 01-07, be passed;
THAT the Municipality's Solicitor and Staff be authorized to present the Minutes of
Settlement to the Ontario Municipal Board to request the Board to approve the
Zoning By-law Amendment, the Conditions of Draft Approval, and the Land
Division Conditions attached to the Minutes of Settlement; and
THAT the Ontario Municipal Board and all interested parties listed in Report
PSD-101-07 and any delegations be advised of Council's decision.
Report #1
5
September 4, 2007
11. MINUTES OF SETTLEMENT FOR APPEAL TO AMENDED CONDITIONS OF
DRAFT APPROVED PLAN OF SUBDIVISION
HEADGATE DEVELOPMENTS INC.
THAT Report PSD-102-07 be received;
THAT the draft Minutes of Settlement between Headgate Developments Inc. and
the Municipality of Clarington contained in Attachment 2 to Report PSD-102-07, be
approved;
THAT the By-law contained in Attachment 3 to Report PSD-102-07 to authorize
the Mayor and Clerk, to execute Minutes of Settlement between Headgate
Developments Inc. and the Municipality of Clarington, substantially in the form of
the draft Minutes of Settlement contained in Attachment 2 to Report PSD-1 02-07,
be passed;
THAT the Municipality's Solicitor and Staff be authorized to present the Minutes of
Settlement to the Ontario Municipal Board to request the Board to approve the
amendments to the Conditions of Draft Approval attached to the Minutes of
Settlement; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-102-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
12. SOURCE WATER PROTECTION REGIONS AND COMMITTEES
THAT Report PSD-103-07 be received;
THAT Faye Langmaid, Manager of Special Projects and Mayor Abernethy be
appointed to the Municipal Working Group for the Ganaraska area within the Trent
Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region;
THAT Durham Region and Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority be sent
copies of Report PSD-103-07; and
THAT all interested parties listed in Report PSD-103-07 and any delegations be
advised of Council's decision.
13. HYDRO ONE NETWORKS INC. - CAPITAL COST RECOVERY AGREEMENT,
NEWCASTLE & DISTRICT RECREATION COMPLEX
THAT Report CSD-012-07 be received; and
THAT the Mayor and Municipal Clerk be authorized to execute the Capital Cost
Recovery Agreement between the Municipality and Hydro One Networks Inc.
contained as Attachment #1 to Report CSD-012-07.
Report #1
6
September 4, 2007
14. LAKERIDGE HEALTH OSHAWA CARDIOVASCULAR AND REHABILITATION
PROGRAM
THAT Report CSD-013-07 be received;
THAT Council endorse an extension to the agreement between the Municipality of
Clarington and Lakeridge Health Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
Program; and
THAT Mr. Paul Sawyer of Lakeridge Health is informed of Council's decision.
15. TENDER AWARDS SUMMER COUNCIL BREAK
THAT Report COD-046-07 be received; and
THAT the attached By-law, marked Schedule "B" to Report COD-046-07 authorizing
the Mayor and Clerk to enter into the necessary agreement be approved.
16. 2008 BUDGET
THAT the final 2008 final budget residential tax increase not exceed ;2% plus
assessment growth be referred to Director of Finance for review; and
THAT the Director of Finance report back to Council on September 24,2007 on
the general impact of a 2% tax increase on the business of the Municipality.
17. RE-NAMING OF PORTION OF HIGHWAY 401
WHEREAS the Government of the Province of Ontario is set to officially rename a
portion of Highway 401 between CFB Trenton and Toronto as the Highway of
Heroes in remembrance of Canada's fallen soldiers as, after repatriation at CFB
Trenton, the 170 kilometer somber procession of hearses and limousines to the
forensic centre in Toronto is the first step in the last trip that our fallen soldiers will
make;
WHEREAS one of Clarington's own citizens, Trooper Darryl Caswell, paid the
supreme sacrifice with his life for his country;
WHEREAS approximately 30 kilometers of this stretch of highway cuts through the
Municipality of Clarington;
WHEREAS Clarington has 5 overpasses which cross over highway 401 at which
citizens, police and fire services have gathered to salute, wave flags and pay
tribute to our fallen and to provide healing and show support to their families; and
WHEREAS the Municipality of Clarington is committed to supporting the military
personnel around the globe in areas of conflict and those families anxiously waiting
for the return of those representing Canada;
Report #1
7
September 4, 2007
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Municipality of Clarington
acknowledge and support the naming of the portion of Highway 401 from CFB
Trenton to Toronto to the "Highway of Heroes"; and
THAT a copy of this resolution be forwarded to Premier Dalton McGuinty,
Honorable Peter Mackay Minister of National Defence, Honorable Donna Cansfield
Ontario Minister of Transportation, John O'Toole MPP Durham and Honorable Bev
Oda MP for Durham.
Report 1/2
,Cl~mgron
REPORT
CLERK'S DEPARTMENT
Meeting:
COUNCIL
Date:
Monday, September 10, 2007
Report #: Report CLD-030-07
File#:
By-law #:
Subject:
COMPLIANCE AUDIT - MAYOR ABERNETHY
RECOMMENDATIONS:
It is respectfully recommended that Council approve the following:
1. THAT Report CLD-030-07 be received; and
2. THAT Council provide direction as per Item 3. of Report CLD-030-07.
Submitted by:
Reviewed bn ~-S CS l{,
Franklin Wu,
Chief Administrative Officer
PLB
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF ClARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOW MANVillE, ONTARIO l1 C 3A6 T (905)623-3379 F (905)623-0830
REPORT NO.: CLD-030-Q7
PAGE 2
1. At the Council meeting of April 30, 2007, council considered and granted a request from
Ron Webb for a compliance audit of the election financial returns of Mayor Jim Abernethy
to be completed, The finm of Laing & Rohr Chartered Accountants was chosen for the
audit and on August 31,2007, the audit report was received in the Municipal Clerk's
office. A copy of the complete audit document is attached hereto as Attachment No, 1,
2, Section 81(10) of the Municipal Elections Act, 1996, states:
'The councilor local board shall consider the report within 30 days after receiving it
and may commence a legal proceeding against the candidate for any apparent
contravention of a provision of this Act relating to election campaign finances."
Given that the auditor has indicated the electoral campaign of Mayor Abernethy to be in
compliance with the Act, it is recommended that this report be received for infonmation.
3, Mr. Rohr has submitted an invoice in the amount of $1,590.00 for the audit services
($1,500.00 fee + $90.00 GST). In accordance with Section 81 (9) ofthe Act, this amount
has been paid by the municipality, Section 81 (11) of the Act states:
"If the report indicates that there was no apparent contravention and the council or
local board finds that there were no reasonable grounds for the application, the
councilor local board is entitled to recover the auditor's costs from the applicant."
The interpretation of "reasonable grounds" is a matter to be determined by Council based
on the information contained in the audit report, Here are two options for Council's
consideration:
REPORT NO.: CLD-030-07
PAGE 3
Option A
Council determines there are reasonable grounds for the audit request. In this case,
Council would receive this report for information and the cost of the audit would be
absorbed by the municipality.
Option B
Council determines there are NO reasonable grounds for the audit request. In this case,
Council would direct staff to recover the audit cost from the applicant.
Attachment No. 1
To Report CLD-030-07
COMPLIANCE AUDIT OF THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN
OF JAMES ABERNETHY
MARCH 14,2006 - JANUARY 2, 2007
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED Iii ACCOUNTANTS
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED II ACCOUNTANTS
AUDITOR'S REPORT
To the Council of the Municipality of Clarington
We have audited the Electoral Campaign of James Abernethy for compliance with the Ontario
Municipal Elections Act, 1996 for the Office of Mayor of the Municipality of Clarington.
Compliance with the Ontario Municipal Elections Act, 1996 is the responsibility of the
candidate. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this compliance based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards.
Those standards require that we plan and perform an audit to obtain reasonable assurance
whether the Electoral Campaign of James Abernethy has complied with the financial provisions
of the Ontario Municipal Elections Act, 1996. Such an audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting compliance, evaluating the overall compliance with these criteria, and where
applicable, assessing the accounting principals used and significant estimates made by the
candidate.
In our opinion, the Electoral Campaign of James Abernethy is in compliance, in all significant
respects, with the Ontario Municipal Elections Act, 1996.
LAING & ROHR
Chartered Accountants
Licensed Public Accountants
August 22, 2007
Oshawa, Ontario
MICHAEL D. LAING, C.A.
:-.- t: =- IZU LW\Wt'l~~' Qlit ~ '-"".'\lI!:ruW!lum. ~
JEFFREY L. ROHR, B.ACC., C.A.
282 KING STREET EAST, OSHAWA, ONTARIO L 1 H 1 C8
TEL:905 579-6245
FAX:905579-7667
COMPLIANCE AUDIT OF THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN
OF JAMES ABERNETHY
-
STATEMENT OF CAMPAIGN PERIOD INCOME AND EXPENSES
FROM MARCH 14,2006 TO JANUARY 2, 2007
INCOME
Contributions
Fundraising functions
TOTAL CAMPAIGN PERIOD INCOME
$ 43,580
1.200
44.780
EXPENSES Expenses Expenses
Subject to Excluded From
Limitation Limitation Total
Accounting & Audit (Note la) 869 869
Advertising 12,223 12,223
Bank Charges 58 58
Brochures 7,995 7,995
Nomination Filing Fee (Note Ib) 200
Office Expenses 9,422 9,422
Signs 14,910 14,910
Voting Day Party (Note 1 c) 1.1 01 1.101
TOTAL CAMPAIGN PERIOD EXPENSES 44.608 2.170 46.778
(DEFICIENCY) OF INCOME OVER EXPENSES
$ (1.998)
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED !!l ACCOUNTANTS
1.
COMPLIANCE AUDIT OF THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN
OF JAMES ABERNETHY
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2005
1. Restatement of Audited Amounts
The Statement of Campaign Period Income And Expenses has been restated to reflect the
changes required as a result of the compliance audit of the campaign. The following items
have been restated.
(a) Accounting and Audit
The Ontario Municipal Elections Act, 1996, requires that the financial statements
report the audit fee at fair market value. The amount charged to audit the campaign
was $869. The original audited statements did not include an amount for audit
expense. The audit fee is not subject to expense limitation.
(b) Nomination Filing Fee
The Nomination Fee was paid in cash and was erroneously reported at $100. The
actual amount paid was $200, and the Statement has been adjusted to reflect the
actual amount paid. The Nomination Filing Fee is not subject to expense limitation.
(c) Voting Day Party/Appreciation Notices
The cost of the voting day party was listed in the audited statements at $100. The
actual cost of the event amounted to $1,101. This includes the rental of the hall, and
the cost of food and entertainment. The Statement has been adjusted to reflect the
actual amount paid. The Voting Day Party is not subject to expense limitation
(d) Tent Rental
The campaign utilized a tent for display purposes at the Orono Fair. The tent is the
personal property of Mr. Abernethy, and as such, it should have been lent to the
campaign at fair market value. We have determined that the fair market value of
utilizing this tent is approximately $375. This has been added to the office expenses
on the Statement.
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED m ACCOUNTANTS
2.
COMPLIANCE AUDIT OF THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN
OF JAMES ABERNETHY
NOTESTOTHEFINANC~LSTATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31,2005
2. Additional Information
Our statutory requirement in this audit is to provide an opinion on whether or not the
Campaign of James Abernethy has complied with the Ontario Municipal Elections Act,
1996. We are therefore not required to provide detailed responses to the concerns listed in
the letter of complaint. However, in an effort to provide a level of transparency, we would
like to comment on the following:
(a) Office Rental
The campaign utilized space at four locations in Bowmanville, Courtice, Orono &
Newcastle.
The space in Bowmanville was leased for a period of two months at a cost of $20.97
per square foot. The space was rented from Marianna Developments, and was fully
furnished. The period of occupancy was September 1, 2006 to November 14, 2006.
This space was utilized as the main campaign headquarters.
The Courtice location was leased from July - October at cost of $27.27 per square
foot. The space was rented from Courtice Physiotherapy, and included all utilities,
parking and the use of a telephone.
The Orono location was donated by Wallace Auto Supply at a fair market value cost
of $15 per square foot. The space in question was 200 square feet, and the period of
occupancy was October 2006. This space was utilized for the distribution of
campaign literature.
The Newcastle location was donated by Mark Hendrikx at a fair market value cost of
$18 per square foot. The space in question was approximately 100 square feet, and
the period of occupancy was September 15, 2006 to November 15, 2006. This space
was utilized for the distribution of campaign literature.
It is our opinion that the space utilized by the campaign has been recorded at fair
market value. Although the rental rates differ from location to location, there are
also significant differences between each location, including location and access
outside of business hours.
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED ill ACCOUNTANTS
3.
COMPLIANCE AUDIT OF THE ELECTION CAMPAIGN
OF JAMES ABERNETHY
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2005
(b) Orono Fair/Kinsmen Home Show
There were questions raised regarding the exhibit space at the Orono Fair and the
Bowmanville Kinsmen Home Show. The campaign paid fair market value for the
exhibit space. The campaign utilized a tent owned by James Abernethy, paid $1,086
for DVD's that were distributed at the fair, and $870 for the appearance of Cavan
Cunningham (the Mayor of the television program "Comer Gas"). All of these
expenses have been recorded as advertising.
(c) Print Advertising
The campaign paid $1,304 for advertising in the Orono Times and $7,584 for
advertising in the Metroland newspapers. These amounts are both included in
advertising.
(d) Signage & Brochures
We are able to confirm that the campaign paid for 3,850 two sided 18"x24" election
signs and 350 32"x48" signs, for a total of 4,200 lawn signs. The letter of complaint
made reference to "thousands of election signs". Given that this audit is occurring
after all signs have been removed, there is no way to determine whether any
additional signs existed. However, we have not seen any evidence that would
suggest that additional signage existed.
The campaign also paid for 50,000 campaign flyers that were distributed at events
and by Canada Post. The cost of postage has been included in office expenses.
(e) Billboard Sign at Courtice Comers
The sign at Courtice Comers is the plaza directory sign advertising the location of the
Courtice campaign office. This sign, once installed, belongs to the landlord of the
Courtice Comers Plaza, and subsequent to the occupancy of the office, it is the
responsibility of the landlord to remove the sign. This sign bears no fair market
value expense as it forms part of the rent expense,
LAING & ROHR
CHARTERED !II ACCOUNTANTS
4.
Other Business
CJNmgron
MEMO
CLERK'S DEPARTMENT
To:
Mayor Abernethy and Members of Council
From:
Patti L. Barrie, Municipal Clerk
Date:
September 6, 2007
Subject:
APPOINTMENT TO THE PROPERTY STANDARDS COMMITTEE
C12.GE
Due to the resignation of Doug Browning from the Property Standards Committee, another
member will need to be appointed. The following individuals applied for appointment to the
committee when advertised:
Paul Allore
Andrew Bouma
Milton Dakin
Charmaine Dunn
Jack Julicher
J. Kamstra
Dana Kerr
Kerry Meydam
George Rickard
Todd Taylor
Elwood Ward
Anthony Wood
Their application forms have been circulated confidentially under separate cover.
U
Patti L. Barrie, Municipal Clerk
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1 C 3A6 T 905-623-3379 F 905-623-6506
SUMMARY OF BY-LAWS
September 10, 2007
BY-LAWS
2007-184 Being a by-law to amend By-law 84-63, the Comprehensive
Zoning By-law for the Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington
(Hybridyne Power System Canada) (Item 5 of Report #1)
2007-185 Being a by-law to authorize entering into of Minutes of Settlement
between First-Tech Mechanical Systems Inc., Maria Wulczyn, and
Percy Napper and the Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington
to resolve an appeal to the Ontario Municipal Board regarding
conditions of approval of draft Plan of Subdivision S-C-2001-002,
rezoning application ZBA 2001-016, and conditions of consent to
convey LD 158/2000 (First-Tech Mechanical Systems Inc., Maria
Wulczyn, and Percy Napper) (Item 10 of Report #1)
2007-186 Being a by-law to authorize entering into of Minutes of Settlement
between Headgate Developments Inc. and the Corporation of the
Municipality of Clarington to resolve an appeal to the Ontario
Municipal Board regarding amended conditions of approval of draft
Plan of Subdivision 18T-89044 (Headgate Developments Inc.)
(Item 11 of Report #1)
2007-187 Being a by-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and Dave Boyle Excavating Limited,
Bowmanville, Ontario, to enter into an agreement for the Stevens
Road Culvert Construction & Stream Alignment (Item 15 of
Report #1)
HAN DOUTS/CIRCULA TIONS
FOR COUNCIL
To: Clerks Dept.
2nd Floor,
40 Temperance St
BowmanvilIe Ontario Ll C 3A6
-iVl11:41 :25
From: Elio & Catherine DelGobbo
Re: Planning File No: ZBA 2007..()()29
Related Planning File No: COPA 2007-()()()C}
Application to amend the Clarington Official PIan and Zoning By-Law submitted by the
Durham. Church Network. The property site is located in Part Lot 35, COncession 4 at
1437 Taunton Rd.
We are the owners of the property at 4780 Fices Rd. Clarington, Part Lot 35, COncession
4 now desigTI"ted as Part I, Plan I OR-I 152. Because our property joins the proPOsed site
for the new church, we would like to be notified of an subsequent meetings regarding this
matter.
We would ask that this letter be considered as our written submissions to the above
c~ to the zoning BY-Law,
I. Would thC-constroction of this new c.burc.h building and their septic system .
have imy affect on our well water. We have a dug well.
2. We have concerns regarding visibility and noise from the proPOsed playing
fields etc. and Would like a buffer of mature trees and also fencing.
3. We do not want the driveway to this property on Fices Road when it could be
made on Taunton Rd. This road is a dead end road. We and the residents of
this road already have problems exiting onto TalUlton Road. This entry on
Fices Road would create traffic back up and POssible accidents. This is a
residential/agricultural area and the business of day care facilities along with
the daily activities of the church should not allow for access on' .
'-,.., :;"; !!if."'6"" -/
j?)fd..lJ~ ",,;" ,_-:-;;
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Elio & Catherine DeIGobbo~ _'~' ":::i.. ,=-::::,-",,,=_,~
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'07SEPos
MIl :45:21
September 4, 2007
Municipality ofClarington
40 Temperance St.
Bowmanville, Ont.
LlC 3A6
Mr. RE. Roth, P,Eng.
Attention: The Clerk
Subject: "Application" to Amend OP & Re-zoning
Your File # PSD-095-07
Dear Madam:
I hereby request that I be listed as a delegation and be given the oPPOrtunity to speak to
the above noted matter at the time and place scheduled by Council.
There are number of fundamental and major concerns about this "application" that
require Council's consideration. I wiIl highlight the main points below;
I) ImproperlIncomplete or Selective public notice;
2) Appropriateness of new Proposed use in this GreenbeIVGreen space, non-
compliance with the OP and Agricultural zoning;
3) Intensity of use - purpose and function as weIl as duration;
4) Daycare :use (a school) and related proposed activities (theatre, conference, rental,
etc.);
5) Ti'affic and site access (this is a major issue);
6) Protection of adjoining ravine and watercourse;
7) Buffer and screening from adjoining, long standing existing residential uses;
8) Septic, drainage and grading,
I wiIl expand further on these points in my presentation on September 10, 2007. Please
also ensure that my name appears and I receive any future notices, c
reports concerning this "application",
, ~ i:I:it~,~1 " . "
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Yours truly,
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Bernhart E. Roth, P,Eng,
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.
Cl!J!jggron
MEMO
CLERK'S DEPARTMENT
To:
Mayor Abernethy and Members of Council
From:
Patti L. Barrie, Municipal Clerk
Date:
September 7,2007
Subject:
COUNCIL AGENDA - SEPTEMBER 10, 2007
Please note the following amendments to Monday's meeting agenda:
DeleQations
x) James McKeever - Update on Municipal Peer Review of the DurhamlYork Residual
Waste Environmental Assessment (Item 6 of Report #1)
Reports
Attached please find Report #3 - CI2007 -040, Asphalt Resurfacing - Contract 2, Various
Streets, 2007 and Phase 1 of the Mill Street Grade Separation Project.
Bv-Iaws
2007-188 Being a by-law to authorize a contract between the Corporation of
the Municipality of Clarington and Lafarge Paving and
Construction Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario for the Asphalt Resurfacing-
Contract 2, Various Streets, 2007 and Phase 1 of the Mill Street
Grade Separation Project (Report #3)
~~Ierk
~d\..
PB:cf
Attachment
cc: Frank Wu, Chief Administrative Officer
Department Heads
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1C 3A6 T 905-623-3379 F 905-623-6506
Cl{JlilJgton
Report 1/3
REPORT
CORPORATE SERVICES DEPARTMENT
Meeting:
COUNCIL
Date:
September 10, 2007
Report #: COD-047 -07
File#_
By-law #
Subject:
CL2007-40, ASPHALT RESURFACING - CONTRACT 2, VARIOUS STREETS,
2007 AND PHASE 1 OF THE MILL STREET GRADE SEPARATION PROJECT
Recommendations:
It is respectfully recommended to Council the following:
1. THAT Report COD-047-07 be received;
2. THAT Lafarge Paving and Construction Ltd., OShawa, Ontario with a total bid in the
amount of $1,085,252.45 (Plus GST), being the lowest responsible bidder meeting all
terms, conditions and specifications of Tender CL2007 -40 be awarded the contract for
the Asphalt Resurfacing - Contract 2, Various Streets, 2007 and Phase 1 of the Mill
Street Grade Separation Project as required by the Engineering Department;
3. THAT funds required in the amount of $1 ,293,000.00 (which includes $1,085,252.45
tendering, consulting and contingencies) be drawn from Engineering Capital Accounts #
110-32-330-83212-7401 in the amount of $522,000.00 and #110-32-330-83263-7401 in
the amount of $771 ,000.00; and
4. THAT the attached By-law marked Schedule "A" authorizing the Mayor and the Clerk to
execute the ne essary agreement be approved.
Reviewed by:
n IInWu,
Chief Administrative Officer
Submitted by.
f'
MMIJDBlkm
A.S. Cannella, C.E. T.
Director of Engineering SelVices
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1C 3A6 T(905)623-3379 F (905)623-4169
REPORT NO.: COD-047-07
PAGE 2
BACKGROUND AND COMMENT
This report is being presented directly to Council in order to expedite the approval process. As noted in
the memo from Engineering Services, attached as Schedule B. the timing of the tender call, the Council
schedule and the short time remaining in the construction season makes an early approval necessary in
order to allow sufficient time to complete the project before the onset of winter.
Tender specifications were provided by Totten Sims Hubicki Associates for the Asphalt Resurfacing -
Contract 2, Various Streets, 2007 and Phase 1 of the Mill Street Grade Separation Project, as required by
the Engineering Department.
Tenders were advertised in local papers, as well as electronically. Subsequently, tenders were received
and tabulated as per the letter from Totten Sims Hubicki Associates Schedule "B" attached.
The total estimated project cost, including project administration fees and contingencies is $1,293,000.00
and is within the 2007 Budget allocation of $522,000.00 Asphalt Resurfacing and $2.893,552.00 Mill
Street Grade Separation budget remaining, as outlined in the memo from Engineering Services marked
Schedule B. The funds will be drawn from Engineering 2007 Capital Accounts # 110-32-330-83212-7401
and # 110-32-330-83263-7401 in the amounts of $522,000.00 and $771,000:00 respectively.
The balance of the funds for the Mill Street Grade Separation will be required for phase 2 of the project
and will be awarded at a future date as part of the overall project budget.
The low bidder has previously performed satisfactory work for the Municipality of Clarington.
The Director of Finance has reviewed the funding requirements and concurs with the recommendation.
Queries with respect to department needs, specifications, etc., should be referred to the Director of
Engineering.
After further review and analysis of the bids by the Engineering Department, Totten Sims Hubicki
Associates and Purchasing, it was mutually agreed that the low bidder, Lafarge Paving and Construction
Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario be recommended for the contract for the Elgin Street Reconstruction.
Attachments:
Attachment 1 - Schedule "A", By-law
Attachment 1 - Schedule "B"
Memo from Engineering Services & Letter from Totten Sims Hubicki
Schedule "A"
THE CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
BY-LAW 2007-
Being a By-law to authorize a contract between the
Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington and Lafarge
Paving and Construction Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario for the Asphalt
Resurfacing - Contract 2, Various Streets, 2007 and Phase 1
of the Mill Street Grade Separation Project.
THE CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON HEREBY ENACTS AS
FOLLOWS:
1. THAT the Mayor and Clerk are hereby authorized to execute, on behalf of the
Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington and seal with the Corporation Seal, a
contract between, Lafarge Paving and Construction Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario, and
said Corporation; and
2. THAT the contract attached hereto as Schedule "A" form part of this By-law.
By-law read a first and second time this day of
,2007.
By-law read a third time and finally passed this
day of
,2007.
Jim Abemethy, Mayor
Patti L. Barrie, Municipal Clerk
Cl~-!lJglon
SCHEDULE "B"
MEMO
Revised2
TO: Jerry Barber, Purchasing Manager
FROM: Bruno Bianco, P, Eng., Design Engineer
DATE: September 5,2007
SUBJECT: ASPHALT RESURFACING - CONTRACT 2
VARIOUS STREETS - 2007
MILL ST. GRADE SEPARATION
CL2007 -40
OUR FILE: CPR.2007.2
The Engineering Services Department has reviewed the recommendation
provided by TSH and offers the following comments:
We concur with the recommendation to award the contract to Lafarge Paving and
Construction Ltd. in the amount of $1,085,252.45 exclusive of G.S.T. for the
Pavement Rehabilitation Program (Contract 2) and the Toronto Street
reconstruction that forms part of the Mill Street Grade separation solution. The
respective project identification numbers are 5800-8310-051185 and 5800-8310-
05101.
The contingency amounts vary based on previous years experience and site
condition for each project. Therefore, including design and tender fees as well as
contract administration fees and material testing, the engineering department
advises the following Municipal breakdown for the above referenced contract:
Asphalt Resurfacing Mill St Grade Separation
Contract 2
Account 11032330832127401 11032330832637401
Total Project $522,000.00 $771,000.00
Amount
Budget Amount $522,000.00 $2,893,552.62
Remaining
Required $0.00 $2,122,552.62
Budget Balance Balance of funds required for
Pedestrian and Road Improvements
. -
,
SCHEDULE "B"
We recommend the report to Council move forward based on the above
apportionments, The balance of funds for the Mill St Grade separation will be
required for phase 2 of the project and will be awarded at a future date.
Due to the timing of the tender closing in relation to the council meeting
schedule, it is respectfully requested we proceed directly to council on
September 10, 2007. This will avoid a 3 week delay in construction at this crucial
time of year. Attached for your files is the recommendation provided by TSH,
Should you have any further question, please feel free to contact the
undersigned.
Regards,
Bruno M, Bianco, P, Eng.
Design Engineer
BB/dv
Attachment
cc William McCrae, P. Eng., Totten Sims Hubicki
Nancy Taylor, Director of Finance
CORPORATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF CLARINGTON
40 TEMPERANCE STREET, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO L 1C 3A6 T(905)623-3379
.
II
lilt
SCHEDULE "B"
Totten Sims Hubicki Associates
513 Division Streel,
Cobourg, Ontario. Canada K9A 5GB
(905) 372-2121 Fax; 19051 372-3621
E-mail: cobourg@tsh.ca www.tsh.ca
engineers
architects
planners
August 31, 2007
A. S. Cannella, C.E. T.
Director of Engineering Services
Corporation of the Municipality of Clarington
40 Temperance Street,
BOWMANVILLE, Ontario LlC 3A6
Dear Mr. Cannella:
Re: Contract No. CL2007-40, Asphalt Resurfacing, Phase 2 - Various Streets, 2007
Municipality orClarlngton
Tenders for the above project were opened at the Municipal Offices on Wednesday August 29, 2007 at
2: 15:00 p.m. local time. The bids received, exclusive of GST, are summarized as follows:
BIDDER
I
TOTAL BID
AMOUNT
$1,085,252.45
Lafarge Paving and Construction Ltd.,
Oshawa. ON
Miller Paving Limited,
Whitbv, ON
$1,333,000.00
TSH has reviewed all bids accepted by the Clarington Purchasing Department and have con tinned the bid
values noted above, As requested by the Purchasing Department, references have been checked for the
low bidder. Lafarge Paving and Construction Ltd. has complcted similar projects for the Municipality of
Clarington, the City of Os haw a and Region of Durham over the past three years, including Clarington's
resurfacing Contracts CL2oo6-33 and CL2005-22. They have also recently completed the Townline
Road Sidewalk Contract No, CL2007-18. All references contacted stated that works were completed with
an acceptable level of quality and workmanship.
This years tender consists of (7) sites, as summarized on the attached Cost Apportionment. The
apportionment also details the estimated project costs based on the low bid submitted by Lafarge Paving
and Construction Ltd. As shown on the cost apportionment, the total project costs related to both
accounts associated with this Contract are less than the allocated Capital Budget amounts, Based on the
past experience of the low bidder and available budget, it is recommended that Contract CL2007-40 be
awarded to Lafarge Paving and Construction Ltd. for the total amount of $1,085,252.45 (excl. ofOST),
Tender deposits may be returned to all contractors except the low and second low bidders,
,
Mr. A. S. Cannella
August 31, 2007
SCHEDULE "B"
Should you require any additional infonnation, please contact the undersigned.
Yours truly,
RAlym
P:\12-29686 (fonncrty 2%S6-(2)\Corresp\22392 - Awanl loner.doc:
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Mr, Nonn Clark, C.E,T., Manager of Construction, Municipality ofClarington
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HANDOUTS/CIRCULATIONS
FOR COUNCIL
October 10, 2007
F ntario referendum on electoral reform will
place with the provincial general election .
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Why is Ontario having a Referendum?
• The Citizens Assembly, a group of 104 randomly selected Ontario
voters, was established in 2006 to study Ontario electoral reform
• The Assembly was composed of 52 men and 52 women ranging in
age from 19 to 78
• As a result of their proposal to adopt the Mixed Member
Proportional electoral system, the October 10, 2007 referendum is
being held
• This is an historic moment as the current electoral system, First-
Past-the-Post, has been in place since 1792
What will Ontario voters be asked
to do on October 10?
Each voter will be given two ballots
ONE BALLOT will be for voting for a candidate in the general election
as usual
ONE BALLOT will be for the referendum and will ask you to consider
this question. . .
The Referendum Question
Which electoral system should Ontario use to elect
members to the provincial legislature?
Quel systeme electoral I'Ontario devrait-il utiliser pour elire
les deputes provinciaux a I'Assemblee legislative?
The Referendum Choices
Electors will have two choices on the referendum ballot-each choice
represents a system for electing members to the provincial legislature:
• The existing electoral system (First-Past-the-Post)
— L'actuel systeme electoral (systeme de la majorite relative)
• The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens'
Assembly (Mixed Member Proportional)
— L'autre systeme electoral propose par I'Assemblee des citoyens
(systeme de representation proportionnelle mixte)
What Will the Ballot Look Like?
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First-Past-the-Post
Ontario's existing electoral system . . .
• Ontario is divided into 107 electoral districts. In each district each
voter gets one vote to choose which candidate they feel should win
a seat in the provincial legislature
• One vote. One ballot.
First-Past-the-Post
Ontario's existing electoral system . . .
• In an election using the First-Past-the-Post system, the candidate
with the most votes wins and will be the representative for the
electoral district in the provincial legislature
• After the election, the political party that wins the most electoral
districts is normally asked to form a government
Mixed Member Proportional
The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens' Assembly. . .
• It is called a mixed system, because it combines two voting
systems: a First-Past-the-Post system and a Proportional
Representation system.
• If this system is accepted, Ontarians will have two votes in future
elections: one for a `Local Member' and one for a political party.
Mixed Member Proportional
The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens' Assembly. . .
• The provincial legislature would have 129 seats: `Local Members'
would fill 90 seats while `List Members' would fill 39 seats.
• The political party with the largest number of seats in the
legislature, including `Local Members' and `List Members', is asked
to form a government.
Mixed Member Proportional
The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens' Assembly. . .
• In each electoral district, one vote would be used to elect a "Local
Member" using a First-Past-the-Post system. The candidate with
the most votes in an electoral district wins.
• The other vote would be for a political party. Votes for parties will be
used to determine the number of "List Members" each party gets.
This is the proportional representation part.
Mixed Member Proportional
The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens' Assembly. . .
• If a political party is entitled to more seats than it won locally, "List
Members" are elected to make up the difference. "List Members"
can only be elected from a political party that received more than 3
per cent of these votes.
• In the end, a political party's overall share of seats will roughly
equal its share of the total votes for parties in the province.
Mixed Member Proportional
The alternative electoral system proposed by the Citizens' Assembly. . .
• Anyone who meets the rules for eligibility can become a candidate for
election as a `Local Member'. Some candidates are called "independents"
while others represent a political party.
• 'List Members' are candidates from any registered political party. Before an
election each political party prepares an ordered list of candidates they
would like considered as `List Members.'
• These lists, and the way they are created, would be made public well in
advance of any election in a Mixed Member Proportional system.
What vote is needed for the MMP system to be
adopted?
The Mixed Member Proportional system will need to receive two 60 per
cent majorities.
• First — at least 60 per cent of all of the votes cast in the referendum
would need to choose Mixed Member Proportional as their
preferred electoral system.
• Second — a majority (50 per cent plus one) of the voters in at least
60 per cent of the electoral districts (that is 64 out of 107) would
have to have voted in favour of the Mixed Member Proportional
system.
Making an Informed Referendum Choice
• It is important for Ontario voters to make an informed choice on. . .
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
• There are several groups and individuals advocating for the First-
Past-the-Post or the Mixed Member Proportional systems and they
are providing information to the public supporting their position
• This public discussion and debate is healthy in a democracy
Your Choice Some Factors to Consider
• Effective Government — Does the electoral system facilitate a
government that has the ability to develop and implement various
legislative and policy agendas?
• Improved Voter Participation — Does the electoral system
encourage voters to believe that their participation is meaningful
and critical to democracy in Ontario?
• A Simple and Practical System — Does the electoral system
provide voters with mechanisms and procedures they can readily
understand?
• Accountable Government — Does the electoral system provide
voters with the ability to identify policy makers and hold them
accountable?
Election Ontario Resources for Making
an Informed Referendum Choice
Province-wide public education campaign
Dedicated voter inquiry line: 1 -888-ONT-VOTE
Dedicated referendum resource website: www.yourbigdecision.ca
Dedicated information email: info @yourbigdecision.ca
Now is the time to understand the question
www.yourbigdecision .ca
1 -888-ONT-VOTE ( 1 -888-668-8683)
Speech by
Regional Chair
Roger Anderson
to the
Municipality of Clarington Council
Monday, September 10,2007
7pm
Durham and York Regions have partnered to undertake a
joint Residual Waste Planning Study. Both municipalities
are in need of a solution to manage the residual solid waste
that remains for disposal after diversion and have aspired to
a local energy-from-waste solution. The Regions are
working together to address the social, economic, and
environmental concerns of residents through a full
Environmental Assessment Study process.
Durham and York Regions are both absolutely committed
to diverting as much waste as possible from disposal. The
diversion rates for both Regions continue to grow and are
approaching the rate of some of the leading waste diversion
nations in the world. Even with the expanded diversion
efforts, Durham and York continue to face the challenge of
managing residual waste that cannot currently be diverted.
Both Regions face a shortage of available landfill capacity
over the long term. In response to the closing of existing
landfill sites in the Greater Toronto Area and the inability
to develop new landfill capacity, Durham, along with other
GT A municipalities, was forced to enter into contracts for
the "export" of their residential waste to a disposal facility
located in the State of Michigan.
On August 31, 2006 Michigan Senators announced they
had reached an agreement with the Province of Ontario to
end shipments of Municipal Solid Waste to Michigan by
2010. Following 2010, Ontario Municipalities, including
Durham, will no longer have the option to dispose of
Municipal Solid Waste in Michigan landfills.
Facing common waste disposal issues, both Durham and
York are proceeding to implement, in an expeditious
manner a DurhamlY ork based solution that:
. is socially and politically acceptable to both
communities;
. maximizes health and environmental protection;
. fosters the wise management of resources which are
currently being buried in Michigan landfills.
Durham Region is undertaking detailed studies to ensure
that the public and environment are not exposed to
unacceptable risks. Completed to date studies of peer
reviews are posted on our website. Ladies and Gentlemen
we take the health of our residents and the environment
very seriously. Durham Region is my home, this is where
my family lives.
In addition to solving long-term, residual waste
management issues, Durham and York, recognize the
growing need for additional sources of energy generation in
Ontario.
Both Regions recognize that there is an opportunity
associated with the utilization of the waste stream as a fuel
source to produce energy and have identified this
opportunity as a key benefit associated with the current
waste disposal EA Study.
The various opportunities associated with this project have
the potential to stimulate economic growth, through
construction and jobs, both in the local community hosting
the energy from waste facility and in the host Regional
municipality .
The objective of the current EA process is to establish the
long-term solution for waste management in Durham. This
process is transparent and allows residents of both Regions
to participate. Weare confident that under the guidelines
of the full EA, we will develop the best local solution for
Durham.
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
Q: Has the Region read Clarington's Planning Department's
Report #PSD-097-07 of September 4, 2007 (Update on
Peer Review of the DurhamIYork Residual Waste
Environmental Assessment?
A: Yes.
Q: Was there anything in the report that the Region found
troubling?
A: First let me say that we appreciate the comments provided by
Clarington and its peer review consultants. We have
addressed and incorporated some ofClarington's comments
into our process. However, there are some suggestions which
we cannot agree to incorporate. There are two issues in
particular:
(1 ) We cannot do a site specific human health impact
assessment on each of the short list of sites. It is too
time consuming and not an efficient use of financial
resources. We will do a comprehensive site specific
human health impact assessment on the preferred site.
The Medical Officer of Health is satisfied that the EA
process to date has adequately addressed human health
concerns.
Possible Questions for Meeting in Claringtou
September 10, 2007
(2) We cannot select the preferred vendor and technology
prior to selecting the preferred site. If we were to
implement this suggestion, we would not be able to
meet the timeline of having the facility in place and
functional by the end of2010/early 201l when the
Michigan border closes,
Q: Several individuals are saying publicly that the State of
Michigan will not close the border to Ontario garbage by
2010.
As Regional Chair, do you share the same belief?
A: Our understanding is that the Michigan border will close to
Ontario municipal garbage on December 31,2010.
Q: What types of benefits can be achieved from an E.F.W.
Facility?
A: 1.
It produces energy both in the form of heat and
electricity.
2. It reduces the volume of waste that must be landfilled
by approximately 90%.
3. It allows for the recovery of reusable materials from the
ash.
4. Once the facility is decommissioned, there is no long
term perpetual care of leachate and gas emissions as is
required for landfill.
2
Possible Qnestions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
Q: How do you see those benefits being applied to the
community?
A: 1.
It will provide construction and plant operations
employment opportunities.
2. It can provide heat and energy to the Clarington Energy
Park tenants.
3. It can become a showpiece for modern waste
management technology.
4. It allows Durham to manage its waste within its own
boundaries.
Q: Can you share what you learned on your European tour?
A: Saw facilities that were:
- aesthetically pleasing structures
- well monitored (real time monitoring of facility emissions
on a publicly displayed screen)
- located next to daycares and apartment buildings
- publicly accepted as a modern, safe means of handling
waste
3
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
Q: What is the cost today to landfill one tonne of garbage?
A: Approximately $73 per tonne, but we expect this to increase
once Michigan is no longer available for disposal.
Q: Can you guarantee for the people of our community what
the cost per tonne will be for landfill in 2015?
A: No. It is difficult to predict what the disposal fee at landfill
will be that far down the road. However, our financial
consultant has estimated the cost to be about $l3 7 per tonne.
Q: Does an EFW facility allow us to better control our future
costs to process our garbage?
A: Yes because the cost for the most part is fixed and since the
Region will own the plant, it will control the disposal fee to
be charged.
Q: I understand your father lives between the short listed
Clarington sites?
A: Yes, west of Bennett Road and east of Court ice Road.
Q: Are you aware of any construction of new EFW facilities?
A: New EFW facilities are being built in the USA, Europe,
China and in other nations of the world.
4
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clariugton
September 10, 2007
Q: Could you explain or describe the European Model of
Waste Management?
A: In 2002, the European Union established a directive requiring
the processing of all waste prior to landfill disposal. Some of
the European countries like Switzerland have taken this
legislation one step farther and placed a ban on landfilling
any waste that could be utilized to generate energy. A
number of the leading waste diversion countries in the world
are in Europe. These same countries are also on the list of
leading nations that use EFW to manage their municipal
residual waste.
Q: There has been criticism that the process "has not been
particularly robust or inclusive?" Agree or not?
A: Disagree. Go to the Durham/York Residual Waste Study
website to see the large number of public information
sessions that have been held and the detailed report that has
been prepared for each session.
Q: How many advertised public meetings held to date in
Durham Region since October 6th of 2004?
A: 38
Q: How many advertised public meetings held in
Clarington?
5
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
A: 15 to date.
Q: Will there be more advertised public meetings in the
future?
A: Yes, public consultation is a key component of the EA
process the Regions are going through.
Workshops and Public Information Sessions held to date
beginning on October 6, 2004:
Durham
38 sessions
Number of People Attended
1200
(This includes 15 sessions held in Clarington with 775 people
attending)
York
24 sessions
Number of People Attended
580
For more information on each session, the public can go to
www.durhamvorkwaste.ca Click on "Getting Involved",
then click on "Reports from Past Events".
Notices for meetings have been placed in the following ways:
Local papers; still slides in movie theatres; on buses; Toronto
Star; Durham Radio KX96; local fairs; Chair Anderson on
TV April 12th and 19(\ 2007; Mayor Abernethy and Cliff
Curtis on TV on September 6, 2007
6
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
Q: Was our local Planning Department informed of these
meetings?
A: Yes, as part of the EA process, we regularly send out notices
to over 400 different agencies, stakeholders, boards,
municipalities, etc. and Clarington is on this list. In addition,
Durham and Clarington staff have regular meetings to
discuss the EA process during which, Clarington staff are
kept informed of the public information sessions being
planned by Durham.
Q: Do you recall whether or not Clarington's Planning
Services Department or Council commented and issued
any document regarding the terms of reference for this
process?
A: Clarington staff regularly attend public information sessions
held in Durham. They have provided input on all facets of
the EA process and played a significant role in modifying
certain terms and practices of the process including having
additional public information sessions added in new locations
in Durham.
Q: Has Clarington requested any funding for peer review?
A: Clarington have requested that the Region compensate their
municipality for the peer review and due diligence studies
required for their review for the EFW project. The Region
has agreed to fund up to $300,000 for these peer reviews and
studies.
7
Possible Questions for Meeting in Clarington
September 10, 2007
Q: What financial benefit does this project provide the
Municipality of Clarington?
A: 1. Municipal taxes.
2. Electrical energy.
3. Royalties and services from the host community
agreement.
4. Potential district heating to attract industry.
5. Good jobs to expand the employment base.
Q: Concerns expressed in a previous report regarding public
stigma "perception of industry, residents and the general
public could be tipped negatively and undesirable by
adding an EFW facility" in the Energy Park.
A: No, the Energy From Waste Facility can be an attractive
catalyst for the development of industrial uses in the area.
Q: Has the Joint DurhamIYork EFW Committee and
respective Councils taken advantage of the modified
approval E.A. process recently introduced by the current
Provincial Government in order to save money and time?
A: No, we want full public participation and have opted to go
through the most demanding environmental assessment
process which is the Individual EA.
8
Possible Qnestions for Meeting in C1arington
September 10, 2007
Q: Would it be fair to state the Region has carried out more
peer review studies than any single municipality within
Durham Region?
A: Yes, for every class EA for a sewer plant or water plant
project, a peer review of consultant studies is routinely
required.
Q: What is a reasonable dollar total that is estimated for this
peer review by the Region?
A: Durham has currently allocated $300,000.
Q: What happens if York or Durham Region decides not to
continue the joint partnership?
A: York is still a partner; however, Durham would continue
alone if York dropped out. This decision would require
another look at our business plan.
Q: I understand that the Municipality of East Gwillimbury
recently passed a resolution to not be considered as a
"willing host". How will that decision affect the process?
A: The EA process will continue to look at all short listed sites,
including East Gwillimbury, in order to determine which is
the preferred site.
9
Possible Questions for Meeting in C1arington
September 10, 2007
Q: What happens if the Municipality and Region disagrees
with the funding formula?
A: The Region will continue negotiations in order to develop an
equitable agreement with the Municipality.
Q: What happens if the preferred site is located within a
Municipality that is an unwilling host?
A: The Region, in which the Municipality is located, will
attempt to negotiate a fair and equitable host community
agreement in order to successfully develop the facility in that
Municipality .
10
Sept 10, 2007
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As municipalities determine the costs associated with their disposal options, it is important that
they consider the social costs associated with the pollution from incineration facilities. More
specifically, these costs would include the cost of global warming, acid rain, and an increase in
chemicals in our air, land and water associated with emissions of certain pollutants to the
atmosphere and to waterways. The increased iikelihood of adverse impacts on human health
associated with air pollution emissions and the release of toxic substances to the environment
also carry a cost. Studies have calculated the total social cost of incineration and landfill, and
their findings show that incineration costs are much higher than landfill, both fiscally and
socially.
No one wants landfill. But the assertion that incineration will eliminate landfill is just plain false.
It will simply add to the problems we face and is not a sustainable solution. There are better
alternatives.
Last week Mayor Abernethy told the media that we just keep coming back to council and saying
the same thing - say no, say no, say no, say no, but that we never give any alternatives. I'm
here tonight to ask that you listen to alternatives that have been suggested by members of the
public, including myself, many times over the last several months.
Besides offering alternative solutions ourselves, we have asked over and over and over again
that you and Durham Region go back and look at all alternatives in a comprehensive way. Both
you and Cliff Curtis admitted on the Talk Politics show last week that the decision was made
against landfill and for thermal technology back in the 1990's. I have said at previous meetings
that Council made that resolution in 1999. That was LONG before this EA process for the
incinerator project was begun. That is also one of the reasons why we feel alternatives to were
not looked at fairly or thoroughly.
It is the responsibility of a municipality to provide for an environmentally just and reliable solid
waste management system for citizens that is protective of public health, in the most economical
method possible. We should take this opportunity to reduce the cost of waste disposal, to create
additional jobs, to improve the quality of life and reputation of this region by developing a
region-wide program of recycling and materials recovery.
If you look at the new Detroit Waste ~~anagement Task Force report and future plan for that city,
you would find some areas of interest. Fiscally, their waste incinerator was a nightmare. The
primary reasons that the Task Force recommends that use of the incinerator be terminated are
cost and health considerations. Economic development opportunities for the processing and
marketing of recyclables and reusable materials are numerous:
. Incinerator or landfill creates about 1 job for every 10,000 tons of material per year.
. Materials recovery facility creates about 10 jobs for every 10,000 tons of material per year.
. Recycling-based manufacturing creates about 25 jobs for every 10,000 tons of material per
year.
. Mise. durable goods reuse creates about 62 jobs for every 10,000 tons of material per year.
On the health front, Air quality suffers. Detroit has one of the highest asthma rates in the
country - 3 times the national average - and ranks third in asthma-related deaths. The rate of
hospitalizations from asthma in the zip codes surrounding the incinerator is 47-90 per 10,000
people. We heard from Dr. Jefferson last week that our region has the 2nd highest asthma rate in
the Province already. Coincidentally, the highest rate happens to be I believe the Region of
Peel... where the Peel incinerator is located. (174,000 tonnes of solid waste is processed each
year - much less than what is planned for Durham's incinerator.) And of course there are
multiple other health risks including cancers, birth defects, hormone disruptions, heart disease
and more.
Energy -Waste-to-energy incinerators are a poor option for producing energy
. Energy produced from burning waste is not a renewable resource and exacerbates climate
change. When materials are burned, more fossil fuel energy is used to replace the products that
are created by high-energy activity, including mining, manufacturing, harvesting and
transporting materials and products around the world.
. Waste-to-energy incinerators are also failures in producing steam and electricity on a cost
effective basis in Michigan and throughout the US. The $127M budgeted for the Detroit waste
incinerator in 2006-07 will produce only $43M in gross energy sales. The City of Detroit will
contribute $90M of the $127M cost of operating the plant.
. Energy rates for steam purchased from the incinerator do not reflect the true energy market.
Currently DTE Energy buys its steam at $13jmlb from the incinerator but retails incinerator
steam at $6jmlb to users serviced by Detroit Thermal, a subsidized energy rate for Detroit
Thermal customers that will end in 2008.
Energy efficiency and conservation are effective and reduce the need for steam and power.
Energy efficiency saves cities and businesses money and creates new investment opportunities.
It is well known that recycling in particular reduces the need to use scarce raw materials,
reduces primary process wastes and air and water effluents generated by primary processing,
reduces energy consumption, reduces the need for landfill sites, and creates jobs in populated
areas. Unfortunately, the concrete actions that follow the many supportive statements about
recycling made by Durham Region and other municipal governments demonstrate that they are
really only paying lip service to the concepts that they publicly promote. They are spending all
their time and energy on promoting INCINERATION rather than working aggressively toward
more effective waste diversion. Remember that incineration is not diversion. It is destruction of
materials with environmental and health as well as fiscal consequences.
I hope that you will look at a different perspective of the potential effects an incinerator or
E.F.W. will have on local human health, environment and economics, along with what the
regional consultants are presenting to you. There are many documents written by scientists,
doctors, waste management specialists - documents that have not been included in our Waste
EA and alternative solutions that have not even been considered by the Region. Again, I ask that
you reconsider alternatives to before making any final decisions on incineration.
Kerry Meydam
.s e...e l>-''''-W, J> Cl:.ttt'\n')-Ef\l \;I~DI" M 01\1 T l:';' ItTC l~ . C R,<O
The tethal Consequences of Breathing Fire
When the Victorians first conceived of incinerators in the late 19th century they called them
'destructor units', as this perfectly describes what they do. In principle little has changed.
Despite the best efforts of the industry to rebrand and clean up incineration, the fact
remains that 'garbage in' means 'garbage out'. Pat Thomas reports
Date:06/09/2007 Author:Pat Thomas
Roughly 2 1/2 million tonnes of municipal waste are incinerated in the UK each year. More
efficient filters make emissions look clearer, but just because you don't see the pollution,
doesn't mean it isn't there. The same toxic chemical that were in out plastics, paper,
textiles and wood when they went into the fire are still there during and after combustion.
And their release into the air is still associated with a range of human health problems
including cancer, reproductive problems and learning difficulties in children.
But the intense heat of incineration also helps create a whole range of new compounds with
a completely unknown potential for toxicity. Indeed, the way that incineration changes the
seen into the unseen and the known into the unknown is one of its most dangerous
consequences.
Gas
Modern incinerators have measures in place to control the emissions they release into the
atmosphere. These incinerators have to comply with tough standards set by European and
UK legislation, which are designed to control acid emissions (using 'scrubbers'. Devices that
use a high-energy liquid spray to remove acid emissions from the air stream), dust levels
(using electrostatic precipitators, essentially dust magnets in the incineration unit) and fine
particles (using textile filters).
Even so, a large incinerator produces the equivalent of 300 wheelie bins of exhaust gases
from its chimneys every second. These not only pollute the local area, but are also carried
on the prevailing winds to neighbouring cities and towns. Human beings are exposed to
them by breathing contaminated air, by absorbing them through their skin and by eating
contaminated food, such as vegetables, eggs and milk.
Because of their acidic nature incinerator emissions such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide
and hydrogen chloride contribute to the phenomenon of acid rain, which is destructive to
forests and lakes and the animals that inhabit them.
While a few hundred of the gases emitted by incinerators have been identified (see table),
the process of heating and releasing emissions into the environment creates the possibility
of thousands of new chemical compounds. There are no formal air quality standards for
many of these and many have never been fully studied with regard to their effects on
human health.
There is no technology that can remove all the pollutants and there are too many
uncertainties and variables to say whether anything that gets released into the air is
categorically 'safe'. While the health effects of mixtures of chemicals are largely unknown,
the effects of single emissions such as dioxins and heavy metals, and also furans, PCBs,
PAHs, numerous VOCs, acid gases and particulates, is better understood.
These substances are persistent - they remain in the environment indefinitely - and
bioaccumulative, meaning that even small amounts build up in the body tissues overtime.
Some cause cancer, some trigger respiratory problems such as asthma and some are
mutagenic - capable of causing genetic damage.
All these substances are legally released into the air. Many are not or cannot be measure or
monitored at all and the Environment Agency (EA) has admitted that current emissions
standards are based on what is technically achievable rather than what is safe for human
health.
~~kroscopic particles
Newer incinerators appear to burn 'clean'. But while newer filters may keep larger particles
from being discharged into the atmosphere, they do little to prevent the release of
microscopic particles measuring just 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5). these particles are
released into the atmosphere when oil and solvent-based mixtures are burnt in incinerators,
as well as by industrial processes such as smelting and metal processing. In the last decade
or so the amount of PM2.5 in our atmosphere has risen astronomically.
The incineration process liberates a range of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic,
chromium and cadmium from otherwise stable matrices such as plastics into the air.
Because they are released as microscopic particles, these metals have the potential to
penetrate deep into the lungs where they enter the bloodstream and are deposited in
organs and tissues throughout the body.
At the high temperature used in incineration, mercury is particularly problematic since it can
be turned into a gas that evades the most commonly used filters. Incineration of municipal
waste is a major source of mercury in the environment. Even if filters such as activated
carbon are used to absorb mercury before it can be released, the question of what happens
to the mercury that is captured by the filtration process and how often the filter is changed
remains.
Ash
Around 30 per cent of what is incinerated ends up as bottom ash, which is the ash and non-
combustible material left over, and is disposed of in landfill sites. A further five per cent of
incinerated waste ends up as fly ash.
Fly ash has a fine consistency and has to be sealed into containers and disposed of as
hazardous waste in special landfill sites that are licensed to accept toxic rubbish. Bottom
ash has a more graveHike consistency and is 'recycled' by processing it into a suitable
aggregate type material for use in the construction industry. In the EU bottom ash is
considered a toxic residue. However, after 'ageing' (that is washing it, treating it to reduce
its acidity and allowing it to stand for a period of one to three months), it is considered
suitable for some construction purposes.
In addition to fly and bottom ash, the lime and carbon used to clean the filters are also
considered toxic waste. The cleaning and scrubbing substances are highly contaminated
with all the same chemicals as fly ash and need to be disposed of carefully.
The ash and cleaning substances generated by incinerators contain toxic chemicals. How
these are eventually distributed into the environment and how they affect human health is
less well studied than the effects of gases and microscopic particles.
Much depends on where the ash ends up. Incinerators produce about a million tonnes of
contaminated ash each year and this ash is difficult to dispose of. 'Creative' attempts at
disposal have included spreading ash on allotments and footpaths, as was the case in the
late 1990s when decades of this 'recycling' of mixed fly ash and bottom ash from the Byker
incinerator in Newcastle resulted in the worst dioxin contamination ever seen in a local
area. Ash samples were found to contain 1,950 nanograms of carcinogenic dioxins,
massively above the five nanograms they would have expected to find in a polluted area.
These days bottom ash cannot be mixed with much more toxic fly ash. However, this has
occurred in the past, as was the case with waste from London's Edmonton incinerators, and
used to build roads and car parks. Selling off toxic ash means incinerator operators can
avoid expensive disposal costs and generate income. While the ash may be mixed with
concrete, erosion takes its toll and some toxins are eventually returned to the environment.
The health fallout
Epidemiological and environmental studios show that certain types of diseases and health
problems can and do occur with greater frequency in those who live close to incinerators.
Operators often dismiss these health problems as coincidence. Since many incinerators are
sited in impoverished areas where the residents are already at a higher risk of every type of
illness, it could equally be argued that the strategic citing of incinerators in generally
neglected areas is designed to hide human health effects.
Dioxins are arguably the best studied of all incinerator emissions, while operators argue that
levels emitted from incinerators are small, this needs to be weighed against several
important factors, not least of which is the unacceptably high background levels of dioxin
already in the environment. Since many dioxins are known hormone disrupters, and since
hormone levels are tightly controlled in the body, even small amounts - as little as one part
per trillion in the blood - may translate into substantial hormone disruption, a risk factor for
cancer, growth disruption and immune system dysfunction.
Dioxins also readily enter the food chain when they are deposited on grass and crops. It is
estimated that, in one day, a cow grazing near an incinerator could put as much dioxin into
its body as a human being would get if he or she breathed the air next to the cow for 14
years. Likewise, one litre of contaminated milk would deliver as much dioxin to a human
being as he or she would get from breathing the air next to the cow for eight months.
Even small daily emissions of dioxins can, over time, build up in the environment and in the
bodies of exposed populations, and while European regulators are more laissez faire, the US
EPA says there are no safe levels of dioxins.
But dioxins are only one part of the complicated health equation related to incineration.
According to Dr Dick van Steenis, a retired GP and anti-incineration campaigner whose
research into the toxic effect of incineration fallouts has helped stop four incinerators from
being built in the UK, the total cost of this virtually unregulated industrial air pollution is
nearly 34 billion poundS per annum. That figure takes into account known emissions and
van Steen is notes, there will be cumulative impacts in the body and synergistic effects, for
example cadmium and lead in the body will multiply the effects of mercury by 50 times
which will facilitate the development of ADHD and autism..
Once in the lungs, PM2.5s are capable of causing serious health problems ranging from
asthma, allergies, type 2 diabetes, immune system problems and multiple sclerosis. US
data links PM2.5s to greatly increased rates of heart disease.
Incinerators emission are also linked with other diseases such as:
C;;;Hlcei-
Researchers have found significant clusters of cancer, which is thought to be due to
exposure to dioxins. In residents living close to an incinerator in France, for instance, there
was 44 per cent increase in soft tissue sarcoma and 27 per cent increase in non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma. In Italy and the UK, studies show an increased incidence of cancer of the
larynx.
UK data on people living near municipal waste incinerators and hospital waste incinerators
show double the risk of dying from childhood cancer. And one of the largest ever studies in
the UK, involving 14 million people living within 7.5 kilometres of incinerators, found a 37
per cent increased risk of death from liver cancer.
Hormone disruption
In residents living near an incinerators in Scotland the incidence of twins/multiple
pregnancies is double the national average and in residents living near an incinerator in
Belgium it is nearly three times as great.
It's not only reproductive hormones that are affected. Lower levels of thyroid hormone
have been detected in children living near a German incinerator.
Birth defects
A report released by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) in 2005 examined the rate of
birth defects in children living near incinerators over an eight-year period. Compared to the
national average for England, 11/1000 children living downwind of incinerators, cement
works, oil refineries, power stations and steelworks were significantly likely to be born with
birth defects. In rural mid-Devon - where the local incinerator was the most significant
source of pollution, the birth defect rates are 62/1000, compared to Bexley in London
where, at the time of the survey, traffic, rather than the iocal incinerator, was the major
source of poilution and the rate was 23/1000. The defects are the likely result of maternal
exposure to particulates measuring 2.5 microns or less in diameter.
The reports notes, in particular, that Bexley's birth defects rates are likely to increase
following the decision to allow the White Rose incinerators to burn unlimited amounts of
radioactive waste. Such as that generated by hospitals.
The appearance of birth defects would suggest that the toxins released from incinerators
can cause DNA damage. This is worrying enough. But newer evidence in the field of
'epigenetics' suggests that certain defects can be programmed into the body without making
obvious damage to the DNA and that these defects are heritable - passed on down the
generations.
Commonly defined as the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a
change in the DNA sequence, epigenetics is reshaping the way scientists look at traditional
genetics and their real world influence on health and disease.
The ONS data is consistent with a previous study linking industrial PM2.5 emissions with
birth defects vvhich was carried out at McMaster University, Canada in 2004. The McMaster
study, although based on animal data, found that compared to mice breathing clean, filtered
air, those exposed to ambient air near highways and steel mills containing PM2.5 deveioped
mutations that were passed down through the generations, even though they showed no
detectable signs of DNA damage.
What goes into the environment?
The table below does not represent the entire scope of possible health effects. Nor does it
represent the full range of identified chemicals emitted by incinerators, which number up to
250 individual substances. The effects of mixtures of chemicals, for instance, are largely
unknown. There may be more generalised problems that never get studied or reported
such as hospital admission or GP visits for vague complaints such as 'respiratory distress'.
In addition, these effects are human effects and do not take into account damage to the
ecosystem due to acid emissions.
Substance Health Effects
Antimony A number of effects, includina respiratorY
Arsenic Class 1 carcinogen
Cadmium Class 1 carcinoQen
Carbon Monoxide Reduced oxvoen in the blood
Chromium 111 Type VI is a Class 1 carcinogen
Chromium VI
Cobalt Class 2b carcinogen
Dioxins Class 1 carcinogen (as TCDD9). Affects
development and reproduction. Highly toxic,
persistent, bioaccumulative. Can contaminate
food
Hydroaen Chloride Acid, irritant to tissue includina resoiratorv tract
Hvdroaen Fluoride Irritant, affects bone formation
Lead Class 2b carcinoQen
Manganese Neurolooical effects
Mercurv Neurological effects. Damages kidneys
Nickel Class 1 carcinoaen (as compounds of nickel)
Nitrogen Oxides Respiratory effects (and is a precursor of
ozone, which also contribs~tes to respiratory
oroblems
PAHs (polycvclic aromatic hydrocarbon) Some are carcinogens
Particulates/PM10s Resoiratory effects; no know safe threshold
PCBs11 Properties similar to dioxins
Sulnhur Oxides Resoiratorv effects
Thallium May affects several organs and nervous
svstem
Vanadium Respiratorv effects
City of Detroit Futur
Solid Waste Plan
Task Force Report
January 2007
Detroit City Council Recycling/Environmental Task Force
../
It is the responsibility of a municipality to pro,ide
fOI" an environmentally just and reliable solid waste
management system for citizens that is protective of
public health, in the most economical method pos-
sible.
The solid waste system should incorporate the
Principles of Emironmental Justice, protecting the
disadvantaged ueighborhoods and people of color
near the incinerator from the proliferation of odors,
pollution and health problems associated "ith burn-
ing trash.
Now, prior to the completion of the debt pay-
ments for GDRRA, is the time to prepare for major
changes to Detroit's solid waste polie'}' and manage-
ment. Decisions for the future must be made.
Detroit should take tlus oPPOJinnity to reduce
the cost of waste disposal, to create additional jobs,
to improve the quality of life and reputation of the
city by eRasing to bum trash and by developing a city-
\\-ide program of recycling and nluterials recovery.
~A,'\,',".,~;",.,
~"".j.'
.*
Contents
Summary..m.....".",,,"'....,,...,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,..,,,,....,, 1
Task force recommendations .....""..."...,..""""......1
VlThy Detroit needs to terminate incinerator \lSe ".,,2
Advantages of the plan ."....,...."..".."..""...."......,...4
Advancing the plan.".........".....,...,.,...",......,.,,,,,,,.,, 4
..
11
01;,__
","",
;.'-
Appendices
Principles of environmental justice ...................."..,5
Michigan Solid Waste Policy for 2006".."....."""... 6
SOCRRA budget .............."."......"..."................"....7
Resources for economic dewlopment through
proceBsing and marketing of recydables ................ 8
Hospitalization from asthma ..................................8
RRS qualifications summary................................... <)
Resources for public education.........................".... <)
Detroit ordinances to amend .........."......",........... 10
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
Characteristics of
Detroit's future
solid waste plan
A good solid waste plan for Detroit is one that:
. Is cost effective and generates revenue through
reclamation of ff!Sourees;
. Gives priority to health and quality-of-life benefits
for eitizens of Detroit;
. Is environmentally just, i.e. ensmes that no en-
vironmental burdens are more heavily placed on
poorer neighborhoods and people of color;
. Recovers resources for re-nse, such as recycling.
composting, re-use centers, and reclamation
projects, and reduces the amount of waste that
requires disposal;
. Is comprehensive in managing all forms of solid
waste - bulk items, recyclables, organic material,
and trash -. on a regular basis;
. Complies with all relevant environmental regula-
tions; and
. Is aligned with the newly revised Michigan Solid
Waste Policy for 2006.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
Task force
recommendations
The Task Foree recommends that the City of
Detroit terminate use of the ineinerator in 2009,
at the end of Detroit's debt obligation for Greater
Detroit Resource Reeovery Anthority (GDRRA).
The Task Force recommends that the City of
Detroit implement in 2009 a solid wa6te manage-
ment plan characterized by:
Cost effE.'Ctiveness;
Job creation; and
. Creation of business opportunities in the ciiy.
This \\i11 incorporate:
. A focus on cost reduction;
. I ncentives to recycle and to reduce trash;
City-wide curbside recycling with goals for partici-
pation rates;
The processing and composting of organies using
recognized best practices;
. An active public education campaign; and
Compacting, transporting, and landfill disposal of
trash not recycled or recovered for other use.
1
The primary reasons that the Task Force recom-
mends that use of tile incinerator be terminated are
cost and health considerations.
Cost -
Why should Detroiters pay $150+
per ton of trash incinerated?
Incineration is very costly compared to other
methods of solid waste management. Detroit pays
over $150/ton for incineration of trash. Other com-
munities using the incinerator pay much lower fees.
Currently the City of Detroit underwrites aU incinera-
tor expenses and is responsible for aU cost overruns.
Con tinning to operate the incinerator would
require substantial and expensive repairs and up-
grades that would likelyrequire new debt in the form
of lxmds. Any future option should minimize debt
burden to the city.
. Detroit spends over $150/ton on incinerating
.waste.
. GDRRA has accumulated a deficit of approximately
$22M in the past few years, in spite of annual city
payments of $76 to $82M and inputs of additional
state distributive aid tax refunds to help meet bond
obligations and operating costs. Accumulated
debts add to the tipping fees each year.
Tbe cost of incineration is not equitable.
Detroiters pay much more in tipping fees than
other communities which use the incinerator. In
2006-07, Detroit is paying over $150/ton for gar-
bage incinerated while outside customers pay an
average of $20.50/ton in tipping fees.
The Southeast Oakland ('..aunty Resource
Recovery Authority (SOCRRAJ manages residential
trash disposal for 12 member cities. It began recy-
cling and composting waste after shutting down a
solid waste iucinerator ill Madison Heights .n1989.
The a\'erage cost to SOCRRA member communi-
ties is $39.71/ton. The cost per ton reflects revenue
captnred through sale of compost and recyclable
materials.
2
Jobs -
Business opportunities and
job creation
Economic. development opportunities for tbe pm"
c.essing and marketing of recyclables and rensable
materials are numerous:
. Incinerator or landfill creates about 1 job for evwy
10,000 tons of material per year.
. Matelia!s recovery facility creates about 10 jobs
for every 10,000 tons of material per year.
Recycling-based manufacturing creates about 25
jobs for every 10,000 tollS of material per year.
. Mise. durable goods reuse creates about 62 jobs
for every 10,000 tOllS of material per year.
Estimated net job increases
With a 30% recycling rate alld a Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF), Detroit would lose about
50 jobs at the incinerator but have an increase of
123 jobs in the city for operations associated with
the MRF and the potential for an additional 307 jobs
in recycling-based manufaeturiug in the city. Reuse
of 30% of the bulk waste would create an additional
223 jobs.
30% recycling rate and a MRF: Total net job
increase of 123+307+223-50 ~ 603 jobs
With a 50% recycling rate and a MRF, Detroit
would lose about 50 jobs at the incinerator hut have
an increase of 205 jobs in the city for operations as-
sociated vdth the M_RF and the potential for an ad-
ditional 512 jobs in recycling-based manufac1uring in
the city. Reuse of 50% of the bulk waste would create
an additional 372 jobs.
50% ree'ycUng rate and a MRF : Total net job
increase of 205+512+372-50 ~ 1,039 jobs
Source: Institute fDr Local Self-Reli<lnc~' Waste tD 'vVcalth
pl'ogrem: 'N'iV\v.il5r.org/recydlng/.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force R.eport
Health -
Air quality, the incinerator and
at-risk communities
Tbe Detroit incinerator is permitted to release :).6
million pounds of regulated toxins per year. More
than 50,000 pounds of these legal pollutants are
dassified as hazardous, induding lead, mercury, cad-
mium, chromium and hydrogen chloride.
Other regulated pollutants include:
. Particles of particulate matter that damage the
lungs and. respiratory system;
. Dioxin, a higbly carcinogenie compound created
by burning chlorinated plastics that is linked to
cancer, diabetes, endometriosis, and low sperm
counts; and
Acid gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
and volatile organic compounds that are harmful
to the lungs and cardiovascnlar system and con-
D.ibllte to acid rain and ozone.
V\Then malfl1nctions and equipment hreakdowns
occur, emissions and toxic discharges can be far
greater than the regulated limits as emisBions by-
pass pollution controls.
The effects of combined toxic emissions add to
the cumulative toxic burden iu the sUn'onnding
commnnity, which is impacted by emissions from
nlHllerons statiol1ary and mobile sources. The high
level of cnmulative air po1lntion near tbe incinera-
tor helps defil1e this area as an emironmental justice
coml11lmity.
Asthma
Detroit has one of the highest asthma rates in the
COlmtry - 3 times the national average - and ranks
third in asthma-related deaths. Detroit leads the na-
lion for asthma death rate among African AmC-r1C3.f'..s.
The rate of hospitalizations from asthma in the
zip codes surrounding the incinerator is 47-90 per
10,000 people. (See Appendix 5.)
Cancer and low birth weights
A five year stlldy of toxicity, raC-B and poverty in
Mkhigan published in 1998 by Elaine M. Hockman
and Charles M. Morris, Way11e State University,
found that increased risk of cancer and the incidence
of low birth weights among newborns were associ-
ated with the presence of pollution somees, palticl1-
larly incinerators. Hockman and Moms wnclnded:
"Race matters in that the pollution SOUll,e with
which a minority status is most closely associ-
ated, the presence of incinerators, is also the
pollution source most closely associated with
detrimental health in terms of both cancel'
rates of new' rep0l1ed cancers and in tenus of
higher rates of low birth weights. . . .Siting in
terms of raee remains not j ust an eeonomic is-
sue, but a public health and civil rights issues
as welL" (p.17S)
Source; Elaine M. H"X'.kman and Cha.rles ;\,f. ~forri.s,
"Progress towarcL<; Environmental ,Justice: l\ Fivt~year
Perspective ofToxidty, Race and Poverty -in Miehigan,
1990-1995." JOli.rnal(lfEnviromncnl{ll Planning olld
Management., 41(2),1998, pl,). 157-1'76.
Energy -
Waste-to-energy incinerators are a
poor option for producing energy
. Energy prodnced from burning waste is not a re-
newable resource al1d exacerbates climate change.
When materials are burned, more fossil fuel ener-
gy is nsed to replace the prodncts that are created
by high-energy acth'i.ty, including mining, manu-
facturing, harvesting and transporting materials
and products around the world.
VVaste-to-energy ineinerators are also fallures in
producing steam and electricity on a cost effec-
tive basis in Michigan and throllghontthe US. The
$127M budgeted for the Detroit waste inciuerator
in 2006-07 "ill produce only $43M in gross ener-
gy sales. The City of Detroit will contTibute $90M
of the $127M ro"t of operating the plant.
. Energy ratcB for steam purchased from the in-
cinerator do not reflect the tme energy market.
Currently DTE Energy buys its steam at $1:3Jmlb
from the incinerator but retails incinerator steam
at $6Jmlb to nsers seniced by DetJoit Thermal,
a subsidiZEd energy-' l'ate for Detroit Thermal cus-
tomers that will end in 2008.
Energy efficiency and conservation are effective
and reduce the need for steam and power. Energy
efficiency saves cities and bnsinesses money and
creates new investment opportunities. Innovative
programs to reduce energy nse boost the local econ-
omy: e.g., home energy rating job training programs;
weatherization programs; home efficiency programs
assist residents in reducing utility bills which are a
major factor in homelessness.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
3
A solid waste program that emphasizes waste re-
duction and materials recovery will result in:
. Decreased ci1y expenditm'es for waste collection
and disposal;
Lower toxic emissions and thl.S improved public
health;
Reducing Detroit's contribution to global warnl-
ing (because it takes less energy to use recovered
materials than raw materials, the emission of
greenhouse gasses is reduced);
Lowering mereury emissions (all Michigan 1alms
have fish advisories due to mercury pollution);
and
. Improving air quality for environmental justice
conuJlunitiE:'$.
1. Expertise is required in order to develop the details
for this plan, evel}thing from financial feasibility
to logistical challenges of implementation.
The Task Force recommends contracting with
Resource Recycling Systems: Consultants and
Engineers in Resotll'ce Management for a full as-
sessment of transitioning cDllection and dLsposal
systems. (&.oe Appendix 6.)
2. The ei1y Council "ill need to review and revise the
ordinances controJling solid waste collection and
disposal, e.g., the FlolY Control Ordinance.
3. Future planning must include alternatives for
stealn customers in midto\\'11 Detlult.
4
4. Education is essential to the success of a transi-
tion.
An intense program of public messaging will be
requ.ired to educate citizens about waste materi-
als: Repeated messaging such as Tt'(ksh is Costly;
_Dan1t trash Detroit; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; and
Stop, Don't W(lste, using all methods available to
the City Council and City Administration: Public
Service Announcements, public signage. s.ides of
City buses, etc.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
~:fitijr~i~'~ifiiJ~~~~~I&~~_-~~
Appendix 1: Principles of Environmental Justice
Deleqates to tile First National People of Color
Environmenlnl Leadership Summit held on October
24-27, 1991, in~Vashington DC, drafted and adopted
17 principles of Environmental Justice. Since tllen,
The Principles have served [L' a d,!{ininy dOClllmmt
for tIw gnnui1z[J grassroots mOVClnent for envir01t-
mentalju$tice.
PREAMBLE
\\71\, THE PEOPLE OF COWR, gathered to-
gether at this multinational People of Color
Environmental Leadership Summit, to begin to
build a national and intemational movement of
all peoples of color to light the destruction and
taking of our lands and communities, do hereby
re-establish our spiritual interdependence to the
sacredness of our Mother Earth; to respect and
celebrate each of our cultures, languages and
beliefs about the natural world and our roles
in healing ourselves; to insure environmental
justice; to promote economic altemathBs whieh
would wntribute to the development of envi-
ronmentally safe livelihoods; and, to secure our
political, economic and cultural liberation that
has been denied for over 500 years of coloniza-
tion and oppression, resulting in the poisoning
of our communities and land and the genocide of
our peoples, do affirm and adopt these Principles
of Environmental ,Justice:
[. Environmental Justice affirms the sacredness
of Molller Earth, ecological unity and the inter-
dependence of all species, and the right to be free
from ecological destruction.
2. Environmental Justice demands that public
policy be based on mnttml respect and justice for
all peoples, free from any form of discrimination
(JJ' bias.
3. Environmental Justice mandates the right to
ethical, balanced and responsible uses of]and and
renewable reSO\1l'CRS in the interest of a sustain-
able planet for humans and other lhing things,
4. En,>ironmental Justice calls for universal
protection from nuclear testing, extraction, pro-
duction and disposal of toxic/hazardous wastes
and poisons and nuclear testing that threaten the
ftmdamental right to dean air, land, water, and
food,
5. En'.;ronmentaIJust!ee affirms thefundamen-
tal right to political, economic, cultural and envi-
ronmental self-determination of all peoples.
6. Environmental Jnstice demands the cessation
of the production of all toxins, hazan10us wastes,
and radioaetive materials, and that all past and
current producRrs be held strictly accountable to
the people for detoxification and the containment
at the point of production.
7, Environmental Jnstiee demands tIle right
to partieipate as equal partners at every level of
decision-making, including needs assessmentl
planning, implementation, enforcement and
eval nation.
8. EU\>irollmental Justice affinTIs the right of all
workers to a safe and healthy work environment
without being forced to choose between an unsafe
livelihood and unemployment. It also affirms the
right of those who work at home to be free from
environmental hazards.
9. Em>ironmelltal Justice protects the right of
victims of euV'ironmental injustice to receive full
compensation and reparations for damages as
well as quality health care.
10, En"ironmental Justice considers governmen-
tal acts of emironmental injustice a violation
of international law, the Universal Declaration
On Human Rights, and the United Nations
Convention on Genocide.
11. Environmental Justice must recognize a
special legal and natural relationship of Native
Peoples to the U.S. go\'ernment through treaties}
agreements, compacts, and covenants affirming
sovereignty and self-determination.
12. Environmental Justice afiirms the need for
urbal1 and rural ecologieal policies to clean up
and rebuiid our cities and rural areas in balance
with nature, honoring the cultural integrity of all
our communities, and provided fair access for all
to the full range of resources.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan; Task Force Report
5
13. Environmental Justice calls for the strict en-
forcement of principles ofinforrned consent, and
a halt to the testing of experimental reproductive
and medical procedures and vaceinations on
people of color.
14. Environmental Justice opposes the destruc-
tive operations of lllnlti-llational corporations.
15. Environmental Justice opposes military oc-
cupation, repression and exploitation of lands,
peoples and cultures, and other life forms.
16. Environmental.Justice ca1ls for the education
of present and future generations which empha-
sizes soeial and environmental issues, based on
our experience and an appreciation of our diverse
cultural perspectives.
17. Environmental Justice requires that we, as
individuals, make personal and consumer choices
to consume as little of Mother Earth's l\,sources
and to produce as little waste as possible; and
make the conscious decision to challenge and re-
prioriti,"" our lifestyles to insure the health of the
natural world for present and fnture generations.
The Proceedings to the First Nariollal People <[{
Color Enviranmmtal Leadership Summit arc amil-
able from the United Church of Christ Commission
for Racial Justice, 475 Riverside Dr. Suite 1950, New
York, NY 10115.
--~~~-~>-"
~>>-~I' ~~~~-
ll,",,~~S
Appendix 2: Excerpts from the July 11, 2006 Draft
Michigan Solid Waste Policy 2006
Under development by the Michigan D("partment
of Environmental Quality (MDEQ]
Michigan's updated solid waste policy for 2006
presents a ftmdamentally different approach to mak-
ing solid waste management decisions. It promotes
the bold perspective of viewing solid waste as a
resource in a global economy, and, rather than pre-
scribing our choices, challenges us to make decisions
based on tbe three principles of sustainability:
. Ecouomic vitality
. Ecological integrity
. Improved quality of life
Guiding principles
Michigau's preference is first to avoid waste gen-
eration, then through reuse and recycling, to utilize
generated waste for beneficial purposes and,finally,
to properly dispose of what remains.
Decreasing waste generation and
increasing waste utilization
To reduce waste generation, Michigan should:
1. Provide incentives for and remove barriers to
pollution prevention practices that reduce waste
generation.
6
2. Collaborate in regional and national effor'", to en-
courage product design to produce less waste.
3. Provide information to eitizens~ businesses, go\'-
emments, and other organizations on why and
howto reduce waste generation.
To encourage more waste utilization
Michigan should:
1. Utili,"" 50 percent of its waste stream by 2015.
2. Identify and remedy regulatory barriers to waste
utilizatiou.
3. Ensure all Michigan citizens have convenient ac-
cess to residential recycling programs by 2012.
4. SUpJ..."'Ort the development of luarkets for reeyded
materials.
5. Provide information and technical assistance to
citizens. businesSi'-5, govemments, and other or-
ganizations Oil wby and how to utilize waste.
6. Support the beneficial reuse of utiJit~y, commer-
cial, and indtL~trial by-products.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
1'~~~---~.I~IIl~"f-"'~~-}W~~;Bii!l~"llJ~i1l
Appendix 3: Southeast Oakland County Resource
Recovery Authority (SOCRRA), 2006-2007 Budget
Background
The Southeast Oakland County Resource
Recovery Authority (SOCRRA) manages residential
trash disposal for 12 member cities and also accepts
some trash from non-members, including some
commercial haulers. It operat~-s two transfer fa-
cilities that receive solid waste from member cities, a
Material Recovery Facility (MRF) that receives, 501tS
and markets recyclable goods delivered and left at
the MRF, and a compost facility for yard waste, wood
chips) etc.
Member fees and credits
The 12 member commlmities and non-members
pay set fees fo!' waste sent to SOCRRA facilities.
Non- member fees are higher than those charged
member CDnummities, and each member commnnity
receives credits for recyclable materials delivered,
which reduces total disposal costs over the year, The
more credits eamed, the less a community pays the
Authority for its services.
Revenue Sources 2006-2007
Tipping Fees
Municipal Solid Waste & Bnlky VVaste
Compost Material
Subtotal
Sale of Recyclables
Gross Sale
Less City Credits
Net Sale of Recyclables
$5,586,000
1,144,134
6,730,134
$1,633,900
(465,900)
1,168,000
Other Income
Includes compost sales ($36,000);
special household collection fees ($101, 316);
no grants $285,772
Total Revenues
Expenditures 2006-2007
Madison Heights Facility
Transfer Station Operation
Material Recovery Facility
Landfill-Compost Operation
Administration & General
Total Expenditures
Summary
TOTAL TONS 2006-,"007
TOTAL EXPENDI'IlJRES
AVERAGE COST PERTON
$8,183,906
$1,893,500
3,o61j8oo
918,400
363,800
1,448,335
$7,685,8:35
1931539
$7,635,835
$39.71
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
7
~_~~...~~~~~~fT"..1il1~.1 ~"'~_~~~~f_
Appendix 4: Resources for economic development
through the processing and marketing of recydables
Detroit Entrepreneurial Institute Small Business
Took Kit helping residents start local businesses;
See: htlp://www.deiblls.org
. West Michigan Sustainable Business Forum
for resources for sustainable businessf'''';
See: http://www.wm.bf.org/index2.html
Waste Reduction Awards Program (WRAP),
sponsored by a committee of local waste reduc-
tion professionals. The mission of WRAP is to
puhlicly acknowledge residents, businesses,
government agencies, educational institu-
tions and non-profit organizations in Ingham,
Eaton and Clinton Counties that have exem-
pIary waste reduction and recycling practices
and encourage others in the community to in-
crease their efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle.
See: waste@clinton-collnty.org
Waste to Wealth: Recycling Means Business:
See: \V\y\.v.i1sl'.org!recyding!
recyelingmeansbllSiness.htllll
. Aisha Home Development Corporation and
Rimson Development Corporation. See:
rimson.development@yahoo.coffi
. Recycle Here!'s contract with GDRRA for coHect-
ing recyclables.
_IlliYI'!T" ! fiF f"~-'
'--~_l''ll:_jlj'f- -~m -~, ~l,~ -ill '~,,-cr7""~~-'~
Appendix 5: Hospitalization from asthma
8
"* :::...t!;-~-"''''>'~'''''''I:i''';,l
::~u.!, 1'.~"U';.,l.lO",
., . <';.)0. r.;".~~'lll'(
W.lYIl.u Cdui:dy .Asthm..li
H'<t5pitZlll~i.uLon Rato
pr:r 11tOOtl rKIl!en<ts
~,:J m ~
1 'j ,. '}. ~
I." - ~.~ '
!i~ C':. ..
_~:I :J~.'..
Source: Epidemiology {{Asthma in liTnYllc
Cmmty, Michigan by Elizabeth V.'asihwich,
IviPH, Asthma Epidemiologist, Bul1':D.U of
Epidemiology, Mkhigan Department of
Community Health, August 2005-
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
Wm~lllii~~IHI!"l~~~il!tlh~~
Appendix 6: Resource
Recycling Systems, Inc.
qualifications summary
For more information, visit 'VWvl".recvcle.com.
RE'sourc-e Recycling Systems, Inc. is a Michigan
eorporation organized in 1986 "ith offiCE's located
at 417 Longshore Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
and officE'S \vithin the Henry Ford Hospital campus
in Detroit, Michigan.
RRS is a consulting and engineering firm whose
sole area of focus is solid waste and recycling en-
gineering and consulting for public and non-profit
local, regional, state and national programs. RRS
has provided supporting engineering and consult-
ing services to many leading recycling and waste
management programs across the US. Company
fOllnder, James Frey, is an expert in Michigan's solid
waste management system, having assisted the State
Department of Natural Resources in training for the
first County based solid waste planning process in
tbe late 80'S and actively participating in develop-
ment of m any of Michigan's most innovative and cost
effective eompl'ehensive solid waste management
programs.
RRS's traditional practice areas of Solid Waste
Systems Planning and Development, Solid Waste/
Recycling Operations Management Consulting, and
Solid Waste/Recycling Faciiities Engint'-€ring and
Management span the breadth of the City of Detroit's
service requirements.
!~~~1;~Ji~~~
Appendix 1: Resources
for public education
Black Family Development education on issues or
EmironlJlental.Justice
The Department of En vironmental Quality recent-
ly partnered with Detroit Public Schools to traiu
mOl'e than 90 middle school teachers on portions
of a new environmental cuniculum known as the
Michigan Environmental Education Curricnlum
Support (lVlEECS) program. Training was pro-
vided on three of the five MEECS units inelud-
ing Ecosystems & Biodiversity, Air Quality, and
Energy Resources. MEECS materials have been
delivered through workshops at no cost to edu-
cators through funding from the Clean Michigan
T nitiative.
. Hnmane Society and environmental organizations
have offered to provide programming to schools,
recreation centers, in neighborhoods, and to
people of all ages, to focus on Ihing humanely, in-
clnding: the connection between environment and
behavior, what non-violence is, the roots of violent
behavior.
Institute for Local Self Reliance, www.ilsr.org/
recycling/.
. Sien'a Clnb.
. Community recyeling efforts.
Recycle Ann Arbor, www.recycleannarbol'.org.
. Communities In Schools provides resources to 90
Detroit and Metro Detroit schools.
See acknowledgements on page 1O~
~.::: I"::;-_--"'~-- $"
~~;io~,&;'~..-mw8iW'}?"&--.~_.B.v:\'l*!lhY~*"'f"~~@1~-*'~\i~'S"'~~
Po solid waste program that emphasizes waste reduction and
materials recovery will result in decreased city expenditures
for waste collection and disposal and lower toxic emissions
and thus improved public health.
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
9
~~~..."~i!r_~~~-~.l:~.I!...
\l~~ .'_~~~~~
Appendix 8: Detroit ordinances that need amending
to allow for recycling and solid waste recovery options
'The City further covenants to maintain in effect
the onlinance set fOlth in Exhibit A, to the extent per-
mitted by law, until the Bonds have been paid in fun
or defeased in accordance "ith the Ordinance."
Sec. 22-2-11. Contract
The dty shall enter into a service contract
(the "disposal eontract") with the Greater Detroit
Resource Recovery Authority or its successor (the
"authority") for tl,e disposal of municipal refuse. The
disposal contract shall provide. among other things,
that all munieipal refuse collectc.J by the department
of public wOl;ks or by any contractor of tlle depart-
Illent of public works shall be delivered to the author-
ity and that the city will pay for such services. (Ord.
No. 29-93, S I, 12+93)
Sec. 22-2-12. Rates
] n the event the city fails to pay all or any por-
tion of the tipping fee to the authority for disposal
of municipal refuse nnder the disposal contract, the
authority is authorized to charge and collect from the
residents of the city rates and charges for disposal
of municipal refuse based upon rates established by
the authority pursuant to state law. Such rates and
charges shall be a lien on the premises for which the
services have been provided. Amounts delinquent for
three (3) months or more shall be certified annually
to the board of assessors to be entered upon the next
tax roll against the premises to which the serviees
have been rendered. Snch lien shall be enforced by
the city or by the authority in the manner prescribed
in the City Charter or by other applicable law for the
enforcement of tax liens. The treasurer for the ac-
count of and on behalf of the authority is authoriz,-,'Cl
to collect any rates and charges imposed by the an-
thority. (Ord. No. 29-93, S I,. 12+93)
Sec. 22-2-73. Manner of disposal
After the acceptance date, as defined in the dis-
posal contract, it shall be unlawful for any person
who is autlJorized by this chapter to collecl and trans-
port domestic refuse, to dispose of such domestic re-
fuse other than by delivering or eatlsing the delivery
of such domestic refuse to the authority at locations
specified by the authority. Domestic refuse which
is not othemise properly collected and disposed of
shall not be collected and disposed of by any person
other than by delivering snch domestic reftrse to the
authority at locations speeified by the authority.
(Ord. No. 29-93, 9 I, 12+93)
["i,.~~!~~~_ l~iJ!
Acknowledgements
]i!ji.iLM~..':_: ~~ilBi~~"
T~~~-MK~~m~~~ib~~!
This report reflects contributions from representatives of:
Sierra Club of Southeast Michigan: Anna Holden,
mqk@umd.umieh.edn
Endronmental.Justice Office,
Sien'a Club SE MJ: Rhonda Anderson,
rhonda.anderson@sierraelub.org
Soutlnvest Detroit Environmental Vision:
Lisa Goldstein, lisa_swdev@flash.net
. Rosedale Recycles: Margaret Weber,
weber@igc.org
Michigan Environmental Conncil: Roshani
Deraniyagale- Dantas, roshanimec@voyager.net
10
Ecology Center: Brad van Guilder,
bradvg@ecocenter.org
Recycle Detroit: Sarah Kubik,
sarah@recycJedetroit.coln
. Michigan Humane Society: Kimberly Korona,
kkorona@lnichiganhnmane.org
Commnnities in Schools: .Jennifer Ragland,
jC3rg123@ao!.com
Rimson Development Corporation: .James Clark,
rirnsoll.developlnent@yahoo.com
City of Detroit Future Solid Waste Plan: Task Force Report
DurhamIYork Residual Waste Study
Presentation to Clarington Council
By Barry Bracken - Sept. 10, 2007
My remarks tonight will be very brief and are focused on a couple of things which arose
from comments made by Mr. Abernethy and Mr. Curtis on Roger's TV last week.
First of all, it seems that both these gentlemen love to leave the impression that we who
have voiced our objection to incineration are in favour oflandfills. This is not correct!
We are opposed to landfills but recognize that they are a necessary evil, to be used less
and less, as we strive toward their elimination in a way that will help to sustain our
planet. We also like to distinguish between old style landfills and new stabilized landfills.
Messrs. Abernethy and Curtis like to leave people with the impression that there is only
one type oflandfill - "old style". Once again, last week, these gentlemen neglected to
mention that even with incineration, landfills would be necessary to dispose of very toxic
bottom ash and that fly ash will have to go to a hazardous waste site.
In one Roger's news report Mr. Abernethy criticized us for never providing alternatives
to incineration. HELLO! Do the words aggressive diversion, extended producer
responsibility, stabilized landfills, reduced need for disposal, improved packaging,
reduced use of toxic materials etc., etc., mean anything to you. I guess you missed all that
or you simply forgot. So to remind you, I would suggest you go to the web site,
durhamenvironmentwatch.org.. You will find a link to the "Citizens Agenda for Zero
Waste". This is a strategy that avoids incinerators and eventually eliminates landfills and
most of all it reduces the need to replace our precious few virgin resources that have gone
into the big landfill in the sky.
There is one point where Mr. Abernethy and I do agree, and that is that Durham should
look after its own garbage. However he would also want to include York's,
Peterborough's, and Northhumberland's etc..That leads me to my fmal point which I
made in my presentation last week
This council needs to insure that information from the independent peer review just
doesn't disappear. You need to make a motion that the Region satisfactorily addresses
all of the flaws and shortcomings identified. Further, that the size of the facility be
limited to dealing only with Durham Region's waste.
Barry Bracken
.
Delegation for September 10,2007 Council Meeting
By Kristin Robinson
(included in red!bold are statements that were not in my report when I arrived at the
meeting, but added to my dialogue after the delegations had begun)
I am discouraged. I am not sure if it makes a difference whether I am here or not,
because Mr. Anderson just made it sound like my say doesn't really matter at all. It
certainly sounds like the EFW will be a go whether the people want it or not.
Good evening Mr. Mayor, council, staff and members of the public. Thank you for
allowing me to speak tonight.
Because of all the information I have read and have been presented with, I am currently
against the proposed incinerator for many reasons. Perhaps the biggest reason is the most
all-encompassing one; I believe we can all do better than burning our waste. An
incinerator is a Band-Aid solution. Sure, a few hundreds of years ago, even just a few
generations ago it may have been somewhat okay to bum garbage. People would bum
their little share of waste in their own backyards. At that time, there were much fewer
people on the planet, and much fewer plastics and other hazardous materials around.
Now fast fOlWard to today's society. Look around at how many things are made of some
sort of plastic or resin, and all of the hazardous wastes that we create by living the way
we do. Combine these products with our population explosion and we have created a
lethal mixture of waste that cannot be safely burned.
York has reduced their stake in the joint waste project with our Durham Region.
Toronto is against building an incinerator.
Niagara refuses to be a host to an incinerator.
Should Durham Region be paying more attention to what other neighboring places are
doing lately? Or is Durham Region willing to be the next Michigan for everyone else to
ship their garbage to? Or, maybe this is exactly what those involved in the incinerator
project want _ they see dollar signs if everyone around us does not know what to do with
their waste, so they can ship it to the willing host in Durham. I certainly hope that this is
not the case; it would be very unfortunate if money prevailed over our health. Perhaps
just as unfortunate would be those who live in different regions thinking that they are
solving their garbage woes by shipping to Durham - what they may not realize is that
their harmful garbage residuals will make it back to them in the air they breathe or the
food they eat.
I am not naive; I know there will always be some garbage. However, instead of
concentrating time and money on an incinerator, we must get to the root of the problem.
Besides curbing our world population explosion, we need better producer responsibility,
and better consumer decisions. This in itself is a monumental task, but one that needs to
be started NOW. Education is the key - we need to educate producers to create products
that can be recycled. If they produce something that cannot be recycled they need to
make the product out of something that is not hannful to dispose of. We as 'consumers',
need to be educated about making smart decisions on what we buy. We need to break
free of our consumeristic society and start caring for our environment and those around
us. For this we need the help of the media. Media is a powerful tool - it could be partially
blamed for the mess we are in now by it's marketing of a disposable, consumeristic
lifestyle; but it can now be used to help get us out of this mess, by educating the public on
sustainable choices.
I believe that generally people want to do the right thing - I feel good when I tell a
checkout person that I do not need a bag for my purchases. I feel good when I do not buy
food in clamshell containers (which are the clear plastic containers such as those
containing berries anlong a host of other things) because Durham Region does not
recycle these. However, as much as I feel good about my choices, I am frustrated by the
fact that producers are still allowed to make as many plastic bags and clamshell
containers as they want and the next person in line has nearly half of their grocery
purchases in clamshell containers. That person behind me may think they are doing the
right thing, since all the bags and clamshell containers have a recyclable symbol on them.
This leads to the frustrating point of what is and what isn't recyclable. There should be a
golden standard however, it varies from region to region. Many regions recycle both
plastic bags and clamshell containers, but Durham does not. Why is that? It was stated in
the newspaper by our Region that there is not a big enough demand for recycled
clamshell containers, but why are neighboring regions able to find a market? I have
visited both York Region and Northumberland MRF's, but Durham Region does not
allow tours. I know that Durham is building a new MRF, but even after it is completed I
was told that no tours will be allowed. Why is it all such a secret? People should be
educated about their waste, and there is no better way to do so than with an eye-opening
tour! Because our recycling system is a dual stream we need even more education for the
people because in order for a dual stream system to work properly and efficiently people
need to understand what can and cannot go into our blue boxes, and how to properly
separate their recyclables. Although I understand there are many pros and cons for both
single stream and dual stream systems, my personal opinion from what I have seen is that
single stream systems seem to work much better because the public is much more
compliant when they do not need to sort their recyclables as much as a dual stream asks
for. A recycling program can only be as good as the people who put out their recycling.
I toured the incinerator in Brampton a few weeks ago just to see one for myself. I could
not help but think to myself, "is this what it has all come down to?" I truly felt like 1 was
in a Mad Max movie. They fact that the only things that Brampton continually tests for
are NOx, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide and the opacity of what leaves the stack is
scary. The hundreds of other emissions, including dioxins and furans are tested for only
once a year as required by the Ministry of the Environment. That is alarming. I was told
that it is too expensive to run these tests continually, so once a year is all that is
affordable. Again, money seems more important than our health.
.
Another alarming fact about the incinerator in Brampton is this: the garbage that is
bumed in the incinerator is picked up directly from the curbsides and taken directly to the
tipping floor. It is then fed directly into the incinerator. There is a very crude sorting of
the garbage (and it was emphasized to me how crude this is), by picking o~t the odd
mattress and propane tank if it is seen from the seat of a !luck. Literally, these were the
examples that were used to demonstrate how crude this process is. So, no one really
knows what is getting bumed.
This point is of major significance for obvious reasons and particularly of significance
when I was reading a portion of the report by Dr. Lesbia Smith who was commissioned
by Dr. Kyle, the Commissioner and Medical Officer of Health, Regional Municipality of
Durham. In the precis of her report the following is stated:
"Ultra fine particulate and nanoparticle exposure were not
considered as there are currently no risk assessment methods
to do so nor measurement technology in place to monitor.
It should be noted that these particles are emissions of
concern primarily from hazardous waste incineration so that
it would be prudent to ensure that residual wastes are free of
those components which are associated with toxic
nanoparticles formation (e.g., plastics) before the waste is
destroyed in an EFW facility. ..
So this is what I gather from all of this. We know that ultrafine particulate matter and
nanoparticles exist, and that we should make sure that any waste we burn does not
include materials that may produce these because we have no way to measure them, nor
assess their risk. Yet, a mere 90 or so kilometers from here at the incinerator in
Brampton, under the guidelines of the Ministry of the Environment, 24 hours a day, 7
days a week, unsorted waste (along with a small percentage of ICI waste) is fed into the
incinerator with no monitoring of ultrafine particulates or nanoparticles, not to mention
dioxins and furans. Maybe I am crazy, but this makes absolutely no sense to me.
I applaud Durham Region for looking into answers for our garbage problem. It is
ridiculous that for all these years we have been shipping our waste to Michigan - we need
to deal with our own waste. Unfortunately the region has not looked into other solutions,
as I understand they had originally promised to do. I guess I don't really understand what
gets burned in an incinerator - if all the recyclables and compost materials are removed
and no hazardous wastes are allowed to be bumed, then what does get bumed? Most
people say, well, just visit a landfill site to understand how much garbage there is to burn.
My point exactly. We should not be creating this much waste. We will always need
landfills because we have too much hazardous waste. And, keep in mind that an
incinerator needs a landfill because of the hazardous ash it creates. Imagine this: the
better we get at diversion, combined with a more educated consumer and producer will
see us creating less and less garbage, making an incinerator a very cost-ineffective,
ludicrous idea. Our landfills will have less garbage sent to them, and we can capture
"-
gases off these to create energy. I am new to this whole garbage issue. But, I have read
enough to know that the answer is not an easy one, but it is also not a Band-Aid one such
as an incinerator. We need to change the way people think and live. Thank you.
And I would be interested in viewing the video you (Mayor) YOll have 011 the Halifax
facility.
NOx = a generic term for mono-nitrogen oxides NO and N02 produced during
combustion (pronounced 'knocks' by those in the business)
MRF = Material Recovery Facility (pronounced 'murf by those in the business)
leI = Industrial, Commercial and Institutional (each letter said individually by those in
the business)
.L).u)b~ qy
Cc7lu1 cJl m.J:j
-SPpl- /0/C>7
Good Evening
I'm Shirley Crago
September. 10,2007
Imagine taking a knife & a piece of wood and cutting a small sliver off. As you carve the
pieces away a design appears. Following the grain of the wood the design changes. So
you turn the wood slowly and try again. This time the lines come together.
Building up confidence in what the finished product might become you put more effort
into it. At last you patiently sand it and put the finishing touches to it. If you're lucky you
have an exceptional sculpture you can display with pride
That is what the group of anti-incinerators have been doing. It has been a long and at
times a boring job. Some sense of responsibility to the future draws us back together
tighter than before when we feel like quitting.
If you think you're bored, you want to join the audience. The sound system is lousy. The
only voice heard all evening is the mayor's and maybe 2 or 3 speakers. Even the
questions the councillors ask cannot be heard nor the answers. Is Clarington so poor it
can't afford a decent audio system that would benefit everyone?
We sat for about 3hrs. silent and heard not a word the consultants said. The balcony was
filled, some sitting on the steps. There was standing room only on the main floor.
I sat in the middle of the 2nd row in the balcony. The glass at the front prevented any
sound reaching us. The people in front of me said they were leaving because they
couldn't hear a thing. That is why the audience left. Not because of a lack of interest.
Even the stairs crackled. We had no shining new thermoses of water. And no book to
cross out on numerous pages. The sound on the bottom floor is no better. But speak in a
low voice outside in the hall and you're told to shut up. Improve the system, spread some
speakers where they are needed. Then the meetings will become a source of information.
A soft hum ofa cell phone from the balcony and a whisper in someone's ear wouldn't
distract anyone. But the mayor's reprimands was absurd and only prolonged a very long
day.
If you think I'm off topic you're dead wrong. I'm hitting the nail on the head.
When I was asked to join the group I didn't know anything about an incinerator or the
fact that the whole messy scheme was planned for next door - 2 fields away.
I have not got the expertise some of them are gifted with. The group have put many long
hours into the research that they could ill afford, and give their time freely. You on the
other hand are paid, some over paid, to do ajob you begged for.
The newspapers have been no source of input until just recently. I want to hear the
speakers and learn as much as I can. You say it is the same old thing but I know different
The e-mail system is better than a phone. Messages fly and you can hardly get the time to
read them when the next one follows from someone else. No need for meetings, no
arguing, everyone has their say.
We didn't ask for incineration and don't want it. In fact just as your minds are hell bent
for leather to get it, our minds are just as set that it is the worst event that will ever occur
in Clarington except a disaster at OPG.
I understand that all the incinerators you visited on your 2nd European tour were all
clients of the company who orchestrated the trip. Were the sites the same on the 1st trip?
Why were 2 vacations needed to persuade you that incineration was the only way?
Why wasn't any other manufacturer's equipment looked into? A good salesman only
reveals the advantages of the story and never the disadvantages.
I also have been given to understand that no effort was made to investigate any recycle
location. As you know Halifax could teach you a lesson.
Durham Region's preference for incineration should have had no influence on what type
of disposal was investigated because it is Clarington who is bearing the brunt of the
investment.
A trip to the Ottawa's Plasma site was futile as it was not in operation at that time. Also
it is advertised as only an 'experiment' and therefore small.
Or was it a way of getting around the requirement of the Durham Waste Study for a 2nd
alternative? Since it has no background history there is no knowledge of its advantages or
disadvantages.
Michigan has plans for thermal treatment for Canadian waste - how will that affect York
Region's commitment to Clarington? lfwe have an over-sized incinerator who will
supply the needed garbage?
Peterborough asked if it might send waste to Clarington at a lower rate. The answer
should be NO. Let they dispose of their our waste or pay higher tipping fees to support
environmentally sound practices.
Reuse and recycle has never been part of the design of manufacturing in the current
industrial system. This has be changed.
The mountain of soil piled up by OPG has made a huge difference in the air flow.
Many people suffer from a deeply depressed frame of mind due to the lack of sun during
the winter. This is a medically recognized condition. How much worse will it become if
the stress from smog is prolonged for a lifetime.
Canadians, in theory, are ripe for a European-style waste management system of
aggressive composting, and recycling followed by thermal treatment and minimum land
filling. This would be a very different system from what exists today; perhaps change is
in the wind?
Council adopted a resolution that will 'commit to design a EFW facility that will not
impact the health of present future residence,... '. I myself have breathing problems not
related to asthma or any other known disease. The Courtice sites are both within the
critical zone and directly west of us. The prevailing winds are SW.
Ed Murvich encouraged everyone to compost, saying "To get something for nothing, now
that's a bargain.' Focus on providing ways to do something positive for the enviroument
and for ourselves. Start recycling certain materials, then add more.
Little steps. Baby steps but all meaningful. And all that captures the power of one and
makes a big impact when multiplied by many. One positive environmental action, after
another. For us. For our future. And the others that will follow.'
You say NO, NO, NO - I take it you mean
No garbage, No Incinerator, NO willing host
THANK YOU
KaJj~ ~
~
I am here today to speak with you about possible alternatives to incineration. Adopting a
Zero Waste strategy would be a very practical approach for both local authorities and local
activists. A zero waste initiative is not impossible, and it is only going to happen with a
tremendous effort from citizens, more vision in industry, and enlightened leadership from
government officials.
the Zero Waste vision recognizes the importance of recycling, it also recognizes its limitations.
Communities cannot soive the trash probiem alone and should not be forced to ciean up after
irresponsible industries
Zero Waste requires a mind shift. We have to change the task from getting rid of waste, to one of
ensuring sustainable materiai practices at the front end of the manufacturing process.
Communities faced with discarded materials and objects they cannot reuse, recycle or compost
have to demand that industry stops producing them. Total recycling is not approachable without
industry's help.
Zero Waste combines the community practices such as reuse, repair, recycling, toxic removal
and composting, with industrial practices such as eliminating toxics and re-designing packaging
and products.
Zero Waste combines ethical practice with a solid economic vision, both for locai communities
and major corporations. On the one hand, it creates local jobs and businesses, which collect and
process secondary materials into new products, and on the other, it offers major corporations a
way of increasing their efficiency, thereby reducing their demands on virgin materials as wen as
their waste disposal costs.
Some key policy steps that are important for our community to take in order to launch a Zero
Waste program include:
1 )Design the program with the whole community.
2)Ban key items from the landfill. These should include ALL organic material, any material that
can be currently recycled, and any toxic material that can be dropped off at collection centers or
retailers.
3) Increase the surcharge on material that is landfilled. This is important for two reasons: a) to
provide a disincentive for the generation of this fraction and b) to provide finance for other critical
parts of the Zero Waste program.
4) Provide incentives for recycling and expand the current recycling program. It is important to
stimulate development of businesses, small or large, that can collect, process and reuse, repair
or recycle materials in the community discard stream. Ideally, such businesses will provide jobs
for the local community. When I go into stores, restaurants and parks in Clarington, I currently
see that there is a lack of recycling and composting.
5) Encourage waste audits. it is criiicai to provide financial help or professional advice to
businesses and institutions to embark on waste audits. Such audits identify where waste is being
generated in both industrial processes and office operations, so that it can then be reduced or
eliminated. Almost invariably when such steps are taken they result in saving money.
6) Expand on current incentive programs to local retailers and manufacturers to take back their
products and packaging after use. Such incentives can range from deposits on such things as
beverage and food containers; batteries and automobile tires, to the free publicity that surrounds
a community sponsored 'Take It Back' program for hazardous materials like paint, fluorescent
bulbs and electronic goods.
It is clear that many of these polley changes impact community economics. Instead of paying
companies to get rid of garbage, we are suggesting that tax payers' money is better spent
recovering resources. .
As materials once considered waste gain value, Zero Waste principles will help our local
economy become more self-sufficient and create opportunities for increased civic participation
and sustainable employment.
To the extent that communities and citizens can pressure industry to reduce the extraction and
processing of virgin resources, they not only reduce the demands on local services but they also
contribute to solving larger global problems.
Zero Waste is not a technology; it is a strategy and that strategy begins with better industrial
design and ends with source separation of discarded products.
Avoiding expensive and potentially dangerous incinerators and huge regional landfills requires
keeping our discarded items in several well defined categories (both mentally and physically).
These are:
. avoidables
. reus abies
. compostables
. recyclables
. toxic materials, and
. residuals (re-designables)
Avoidables and waste reduction strategies. In recent years two key activities have produced
astonishing results with respect to waste reduction.
Waste audits. When local manufacturers and businesses are required to find out at what points
in their processes that they generate waste, they typically find many places where they can make
less waste and save money in the process. For example, Quaker Oats of Canada, after a waste
audit, was able to reduce its waste stream by over 90% and save an enormous amount of money
in the process.
Volume-based trash charging systems for households and institutions. Simply put, the more
waste you generate, the more you have pay.
Pick up garbage less frequently and increase the frequency of pickup of composting and
recycling.
Reusables and reuse & repair centers
Together we need to promote reuse and repair centres. Waste Wise. Georgetown, Ontario. One
early example of a community non-profit center is the WasteWise operation. This facility came
about because local activists were tired of defending themselves from 'back-end' solutions
proposed for their community. They had fought to prevent a large quarry from being used to
accept 40 million tons of Toronto's trash and then a 1,500 ton-per-day trash incinerator, again for
part of Toronto's waste. They set up WasteWise to show that an alternative approach was
possible. With the help of a grant from the Ontario government, they rented a large warehouse
and set it up (1) to repair many items like furniture, appliances and bicycles (2) sell these and
other ready-to-use items (3) collect, process and sell recyclables not covered by the local blue
box (recycling) program, and (4) provide educational services for waste and toxics use reduction.
Largely run by volunteers, the operation became self-sufficient after five years and now has two
full time staff.
Compostables and compo sting facilities
Expand the current composting program to businesses and manufacturers.
In handling toxics, household hazardous waste collection and take-back programsneed to be
encouraged.
manufacturers should be challenged to find chemical ways of recovering these valuable
feedstocks and put them back Into their manufacturing process. They need to 'close the loop.'
Residual waste
Ultimately, in the Zero Waste strategy we have to deveiop creative and forceful ways of telling
manufacturers that if the community cannot reuse. repair, recycle or compost these objects or this
material, they should not be making them
4.2 Producer Take Back
Enforce Producer Take Back, or Extended producer Responsibility (EPR) for waste, which holds
manufacturers, and specifically brand owners, responsible for managing their products and
packaging at the end of their useful life. When brand owners have physical or financial
responsibiiity for their products and packaging at end of life, they have a built-in incentive to use
less taxies, make more durable and recyclable products, and reduce excessive packaging.
Examples of EPR programs in the United States and Canada include:
Deposif Systems for Beverage Containers. Deposit systems transfer the costs of recycling from
taxpayers to consumers and beverage manufacturers. Deposits are not only fair; they work. In
the ten U.S. states with container deposits, recycling rates average 80% for containers covered
by deposits, compared with far less in non-bottle bill states. In Canada, where the beer industry
invested in refillable glass bottles, 97% of bottles are returned to the producer for refilling..QI]
An example of Take-Back Programs for Taxies. British Columbia's Product Stewardship laws
require producers to take back household chemicals such as paint, thinners, pesticides, fuels and
medicines for recycling or safe disposal. Millions of gallons of these toxic chemicals are collected
at industry-funded depots at no cost to local communities. The costs create incentives for
producers to keep toxic leftovers to a minimum.
When we examine successful cases of Zero Waste, it is clear that leadership has come from all
the areas of business, govemment and non-governmental organizations. We can anticipate even
rnere leadership from the business community because reduction in waste here is indelibly linked
to economic benefit.
a. However daunting the task may appear, the Zero Waste approach is moving our society
in the right direction.
b. It is certainly far superior to a reliance on raw waste landfilling or incineration.
c. It will improve as more and more manufacturers learn to combine selling to the present
with sharing our limited resources with the future.
d. As far as community responsibility is concerned. Once they recognize that source
separation is easy, that it is in the best interests of their children and those in charge
have organized effective systems to handle the materials they separate, they readily
cooperate to make the system work.
e. As far as the local economy is concerned the payoff is far greater than the dead end of
landfills and incinerators. Whereas, with the low-tech components of the Zero Waste
program most of the money stays in the community creating local businesses and local
jobs.
f. Finally, the Zero Waste approach is the one that is most likely to lead to questions on
how we should be iiving on a finite planet.
September 10, 2007 Delegation to Clarington Council
Re: DurhamIY ork Residual Waste EA - EA Process and Site Selection. and Reports
PSD-093-07 and PSD-097-07
Mr. Mayor, Council Members, Ladies & Gentlemen:
Councillor Trim's motion last week that Clarington not provide comments to the Region
forthwith, was good first step. Now, this Council must take all the subsequent steps to
protect Clarington's interests, by formally requesting the site-selection reports the Region
promised in July, which have not yet been made available to Clarington staff and all
stakeholders. You must also request the site-selection evaluation criteria.
For the Waste EA, we should all have confidence in the answer to the question: have the
best possible sites been identified? Our peer reviewer indicated other sites in both
Regions may not have been considered, sites that might be more appropriate from
sensitive receptor location, topographical and meteorological perspectives. It is a huge
concern for Clarington residents that all Durham sites, for what may be an incinerator, are
located in Clarington. It should be for you as well.
Facility emission and impact profiles are very much determined by both technology and
site location. Site-selection should not have been separated from technology selection,
but it has been and that requires separate comments. (Mayor Abernethy indicated earlier
that safety was a concern for him. You cannot answer the question: is it safe? without
fully assessing both site and technology together.)
Then comes identifying the range of impacts around potential sites, but to do that you
must first have the information and right now you don't because the Region has withheld
a number of critical reports. As well, the Project Team must provide the site evaluation
criteria in advance of the site selection announcement so that all understand why a
particular site or sites was/were selected.
Last Thursday, Mayor Abernethy appeared on a Rogers show called "Talk Politics"-
Let's Talk Trash. When asked why he thought all Durham sites were in Clarington,
Mayor Abernethy responded that he hasn't questioned why we have the sites.. .that some
people are questioning it but he's not.
The Municipality of Clarington, as a potential host community, is an EA stakeholder
during the DurharnNork Waste EA. For any elected official to say he is not questioning
proponent decisions around the EA is quite incredible, more so since ensuring that EA
proponents identify and consider relevant issues that could affect the municipal
corporation and Clarington residents, is ultimately the responsibility of this Council and
our Mayor.
This is not simply an issue of project consultants getting things wrong and us questioning
their decisions and logic, though that plays a big part in this study. This is very much
Linda Gasser
I
about a municipality having detailed information about a range of issues that must be
provided to proponents before limiting decisions are taken, within the context of the EA.
The comments that follow about the 407 EA are not straying from the waste issue, but
provided to illustrate stakeholder roles in an EA process. On July 30'h , Councillor
Foster asked me if! had any particular concerns when I asked Council to consider hiring
consultants to assist with that EA at this stage. I said issues ranged from transportation
issues right across to the board to property impacts. One concern raised at an August 21 sl
joint meeting of Clarington's 407 CAC, and CAAC, was about the decisions Clarington
Council would have to make to around stopping up and closing various roads, and future
road realignments, in addition to negotiating financial compensation for related works
arising from the draft route. All this must be completed before the 407 Project Team
submits the EA for approval, and any number of these issues could end up at the Ontario
Municipal Board, as I understand it.
That is just one 407 issue which should have been, and still could be, specifically
identified so that we could assess and then hopefully address a range of issues arising
from the short list of routes. This should illustrate how complex the issues are that this
Council will have to address during several ongoing EA studies led by different upper tier
government proponents.
We have engaged the consultants for the waste issue, but, they, staff and we have not
been provided with promised information to review. Clarington Council must request the
withheld reports, and, must now <J.lso formally request that the Regions alter their
proposed EA timetable and site selection announcement to allow Clarington staff, public
and Council to fully consider and respond to withheld information. As I understand it,
Region's consultants propose to release the report on September 21 sl prior to the
announcement of the preferred site on Sept. 25'h. I'm confident this matter will come up
at Regional Council Sept. 19'h.
Recall the delayed release of the Human Health and Ecological RiskAssessment reports
last spring, to June. The Regions' Project Team must now adjust their time line because
they appear to be responsible for not providing the reports and evaluation criteria.
Your failure to act would have many consequences for all of us, including Durham
Region. EA appeals occur at the end of a process, which can make it awkward,
contentious and expensive for issues to be addressed and resolved.
In my opinion, failure by Clarington Council to request the all ofthe foregoing will likely
be viewed as a failure on your part to protect Clarington residents and the municipal
corporation. 1 urge you to do the right thing now so that we all could provide
comprehensive, pertinent comments that could be considered by the Project Team before
a site is recommended by the Project consultants.
Thank you for your attention.
Linda Gasser
2
,
,I"hat at.' POPs?
C~ fY) ,~~o-e,\ Page 1 of2
.'
Meelingslmpl"meDtaliol}
Guid~nce
STOCKHOLN CONVENTION
ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS (POPs)
B51ckgro~l}clU-',!EPPOPsE'rogramfT1e
Ih..e t2POP1Lund. ~Llhe..JU9.c.kbQlm. C9!lYeOlic.m
. . ...____ ..n ___...___._ ..___ .. . .
Aldrin - A pesticide applied to soils to kill termites, grasshoppers, corn rootworm,
and other insect pests.
Chlordane - Used extensively to control termites and as a broad-spectrum
insecticide on a range of agricultural crops.
DOT - Perhaps the best known of the POPs, DDlf was widely used during World
War II to protect soldiers and civilians from malaria, typhus, and other diseases
spread by insects. It continues to be applied against mosquitoes in several
countries to control malaria.
Dieldrin - Used principally to control termites and textile pests, dieldrin has also
been used to control insect-borne diseases and insects living in agricultural soils.
Dioxins - These chemicals are produced unintentionally due to incomplete
combustion, as well as during the manufacture of certain pesticides and other
chemicals. In addition, certain kinds of metal recycling and pulp and paper
bleaching can release dioxins. Dioxins have also been found in automobile
exhaust, tobacco smoke and wood and coal smoke.
Endrin - This insecticide is sprayed on the leaves of crops such as cotton and
grains. It is also used to control mice, voles and other rodents.
Furans - These compounds are produced unintentionally from the same
processes that release dioxins, and they are also found in commercial mixtures of
PCBs.
Heptachlor - Primarily employed to kill soil insects and termites, heptachlor has
also been used more widely to kill cotton insects, grasshoppers, other crop pests,
and malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) - HCB kills fungi that affect food crops. It is also
released as a byproduct during the manufacture of certain chemicals and as a
result of the processes that give rise to dioxins and furans.
Mirex - This insecticide is applied mainly to combat fire ants and other types of
ants and termites. It has also been used as a fire retardant in plastics, rubber, and
electrical goods.
tp://www.pops.intidocuments/popsldefault.htm
()/t::./'1t'1^""
!l1M a,_ POPs?
Page 2 of2
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - These compounds are employed in industry
as heat exchange fluids, in electric transformers and capacitors, and as additives in
paint, carbon less copy paper, sealants and plastics.
Toxaphene - This insecticide, also called camphechlor, is applied to cotton, cereal
grains, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. It has also been used to control ticks and mites
in livestock.
-,._-+_._---,.,._---_._-~--~._-_.._-_._--~ _._-----_..._---~---_._--_.--_...,...--,---~~~--- -,.,--_._--_._--~----
Further reading:
Ridding the world of POPs - A guide to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants p-r;ch;l;n; fr; [5u; Sp
ljom~
Cal~nc!au::{~yeIlt~
~iteiQfQ
Search _9oTIJ?_ctl1_s
~ttp://www.pops.intldocuments/pops/default.htm
9/6/2007
~S&T
e News: Indoor air is a major source of PCBs
Page lof2
)
Environmental Science & Technology Online News
http://pubs.acs ,orgjsubscribejjou rnals/esthag-w/2007jfeb/science/kb_indoorair.html
;cience News -February 21,2007
Indoor air is a major source of PCBs
~ew research contradicts the prevailing theory that soil volatilization is the
~rimary source of PCBs in the atmosphere.
. ................................ ....................... ................-..... ....................- ............................. ..................... ........................ .................................... .........................
~esearch published today on ES&Ts Research ASAP website (DOl: IO.lQ21/es062218c) uses an innovative approach to
,how that indoor air releases far more PCBs to the atmosphere around England's second-largest city than does the area's
,oil. The findings go against the widely held hypothesis that soil volatilization is the main source of PCBs in the
mvironrnent, according to ShlarU-larmd and his colleagues at the University of Birmingham (U.K.), where the
neasurements were made.
Researchers took samples from areas in and around Birmingham (UK) to show that indoor
air is the main source of PCBs in the re ion's atmos here.
'CBs are one of the 12 "dirty dozen" pollutants banned by the United Nations' stockholn:lconventiononJ'ersist"nt
)rganiePoll11tants. The paper adds important new data to the growing body of research showing that older consumer
lroducts still in use are a significant source of PCBs on a global basis, says IerryBidlem:m of Envirollll1ent Canada's Air
)uality Processes ResearchPivision.
Ittp://pubs.acs.orglsubscribe/joumals/ esthag-w/2007/feb/ science/kb _ indoorair .html
9/7/2007
~S&T 0. 'le News: Indoor air is a major source of PCBs
I
Page 2 of2
'he ventilation of contaminated indoor air "to outside is what is driving outdoor air concentrations, which in turn is what
lrives food concentrations," Harrad explains. At present, food is the main route through which most people are exposed to
'CBs, explains Linda Birnbaum, director of the experimental toxicology division of the U.S. EP A's National Healthand
~nviron1l1entalEtIects Resc[ireh La.bmfitory.
\.lthough the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs have been falling, the concentrations of nondioxin-like PCBs in U.K.
ood have not declined since 1992, according to a dmfirep(jJj (594KB PDF) by the country's DepartmentforEnyironment
'oodand RwaLAffairs (Defra). It documents that concentrations of these nondioxin-like PCBs-which are primarily what
Iarrad's group was monitoring-have increased in 9 out of 11 food groups monitored between 1992 and 2001. "This is not
nconsistent with there being a continuing and nondiminishing source of PCBs to the environment that is helping to
naintain concentrations in food," Harrad says.
Iarrad's new data corroborate r\;<:e_nt mefl$ure1l1el!t~ of the sources of PCBs in and around Toronto, says Tom Harner, a
esearch scientist with Environment Canada. "We now have two comprehensive studies that have investigated the plume of
'CBs in urban areas, both implicating indoor air as the major source and both showing strong gradients as you move away
rom the most heavily populated areas," Hamer says.
-larrad and his colleagues took the concept one step further than the Toronto study by distinguishing between sources of
'CBs from indoor air and soils. To do so, they exploited the fact that some of the individual PCB compounds, or
:ongeners, arechiml moJyJ;;1Jles that have two nonsuperimposable mirror-image forms called enantiomers. Because soil
nicrobes preferentially consume one enantiomer of each pair, the PCBs have characteristic chiral signatures when they
10Iatilize from the soil in warm weather. PCBs emitted into air from other sources bear unaltered racelIli<: chiral signatures
hat contain equal amounts of each enantiomer. Harrad' s study showed signatures in outdoor air matched the racemic
;ignatures in indoor air, and not the altered soil signatures.
'larrad's use of these chiral signatures is an innovative way to distinguish between PCB sources, says Bidleman, who has
lone similar work on chiral signatures of chlorinated pesticides. The paper makes the strongest case for PCB-95, he says,
Idding that he would like to see more data collected. "The policy implications are very, very large," he stresses, a comment
:choed by others. The findings could "lead to a reevaluation of remediation and cleanup priorities," adds Martin Scheringer
)f the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology's Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering.
~ince 2000, researchers in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland have documented that iDdoor aiLCansontain sigl1ifkantly
}igh\;rJ",veL~_QfJ'CBl' than the CQJ1<:entratioIluecordedinsideBi1ll1inghamJmildings, Harrad points out. "Before the ban of
'CB in open systems in 1972, PCBs were used as plasticizers for joint sealants, [which can contain up] to 30% of PCB,"
:xplains Martin Kohler, an analytical chemist for Empfi, the Swiss government's Materials Science and Technology
'esearch institution. Kohler was involved in a natiOD}Yides!t1dy published in 2005 that revealed "clearly elevated PCB
ndoor air levels" in many Swiss buildings.
fosefTremp, an environmental scientist with the Swiss Federal Office ofthe Environment who collaborated with Kohler,
lods that the PCBs in such joint sealants are often emitted directly to outdoor air. IIe nevertheless says: "I fully agree \vith
he authors' conclusion that further reductions in PCB concentrations in outdoor air-as well as in soil, sediments, and
Jiota and ultimately human exposure-are best achieved by action to remove remaining sources of PCBs in use in the built
:nvironment." -KE_LL \'NS.B_ETTS
Copyright: @ 2007 American Chemical Society
http://pubs.acs. org/ subscribe/journals! esthag- w !2007/feb/sciencelkb _indoorair.html
91712007
Garbage Without Pollution
Page 1 of5
Home> Knowledge Bank> Articles> Garbage Without Pollution
Garbage without pollution
An Ontario company is testing technology that, if
successful, could spell the end of landfills.
Andrew Duffy reports.
The following amete has been reprinted from TI7e Ottawa Citizen
By Andrew Duffy
The Ottawa Citizen @2000
July 4. 2000
GUELPH - From the rolling hills outside this southern Ontario cily,
Gregory Vogl hopes to launch his garbage revolution.
II's here thaI Mr. Vogl's company, Subbor Corp., has built a $20-million
demonstration facility thaI he says can process Ihe city's unsorted
garbage and turn all of It - apple cores, garbage bags, diapers,
cardboard and plastic wrap -.into usable gases, recycled materials, and
a peat-like producl.
The federal government has invested $5 million in the project, and
officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
Environmenl Canada will arrive here later this year to verify the
company's key claims.
Those claims, if proved true, could mean the end of garbage as we've
come to know it--and the beginning of significant greenhouse gas
reductions.
"I want to put the landfills out of business. I want to shut landfills down
all across this country," says Mr. Vogt, who talks about garbage with
the cadence of a preacher talking about sin.
"Quite frankly we're in the Stone Age when it comes to waste
management," he says. "It's like putting sewage into the ocean: putting
waste into the ground ;s not a good idea."
"With our system, there are no odours, no contaminants in the air, no
contaminants in the grounclwater because nothing escapes.
'We're closed to the environment."
The plant, built beside Guelph's composting facility, is already
processing the town's unsorted waste, but it will be two months before
http://www.solutions.calK.nowledge _ Bank! Artic1es/article.asp?doc _id=145
9/9/2007
Garbage Without Pollution
Page 2 of 5
it is fuliy operational.
The plant's development is being closely monttored by many municipal
governments eager to avoid the kind of outcry witnessed in Toronto as
that city debated where to dump tts two million annual tonnes of
garbage. A decision about where to dispose of the city's trash has yet
to be finalized.
"It could solve a lot of problems, but the decision about it wili be driven
by the effect of this on a municipality's books," says Louise Comeau, of
the Federation of Canadian MunicipalITies.
Federal officials, meanwhile, are keen to capitalize on the greenhouse
gas reduction potential of the technology. Since the plant traps ali of
the methane that escapes from a landfill dump - and employs the gas
to prOduce electricity - there are huge potential greenhouse benefits.
(The plant also traps the gas that makes garbage dumps stink.)
Methane is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide, the primary
greenhouse gas. It means, according to Subbor, that for every tonne of
garbage that goes through the piant, the atmosphere is spared the
equivalent of 2.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.
It's this claim that the EPA in the United States is coming to Guelph to
verify. "There's enormous potential for it across the country if it's
verified and it's cost-effective," said Michael Wiggin, technology
manager for Natural Resources Canada.
According to Subbo~s estimates, if six major cities adopted the
technology, they would realize one-quarter of Canada's greenhouse
gas reduction target.
In 1997, Canada a9reed at an international conference in Kyoto, Japan
to cut its greenhouse emissions by six per cent from 1990 levels by
2010. But Canada's emissions have grown steadily over the past
decade, which means the country has to make enormous strides in
energy efficiency to achieve its goal.
Although municipalities are waiting for Subbo~s claims to be verified,
the technology at the heart of its recycting plant - something called
anaerobic digestion -is not new.
It has been widely employed in Europe, where land is at a premium
and economic and political forces are arrayed against tradttional
dumps. There are now 53 European plants that digest solid waste
anaerobicaliy, meaning that the waste decomposes in an atmosphere
without oxygen.
The airless environment promotes the growth of anaerobic bacteria that
naturaliy occur in bogs, hot springs, lake sediment, volcanic vents and
in the intestines of some animals such as cows and sheep. The micro-
organisms are among the oldest living things on Earth, appearing
before oxygen was a major part of the atmosphere.
"The originai forms of iife were probably anaerobic," says Kevin
Kennedy. a University of Ottawa engineer who worked for 11 years
with the National Research Council's biological sciences division.
Three families of bacteria go to work during most anaerobic digestion
processes. One group breaks down large molecules into smalier ones;
others convert the material into fatty acids and still others turn the acids
into methane and carbon dioxide.
http://www.solutions.calKnowledge_Bank!Articleslarticle.asp?doc _id= 145
9/9/2007
}arbage Without Pollution
Page 3 of 5
"Basically using these three groups of organisms that live happily
together, you can turn most of your municipal garbage into gas:' Mr.
Kennedy says.
Towns first began to put anaerobic bacteria to use more than a century
ago. In 1895. the street lamps of Exeter, England, were fueled with gas
recovered from the town's sewage treatment plant.
The technology is now a common feature of sewage and waste water
treatment plants, which use the bacteria to convert organic matter into
methane and small amounts of carbon dioxide. Many Canadian pulp
mills also use anaerobic digesters to help clean their waste water of
toxic compounds and organic material.
In Europe, the same technology was applied to municipal solid waste
20 years ago. Although the anaerobic systems were at first considered
more expensive and risky than traditional composting facilities, they've
become increasingly popular because of their ability to produce
"recycled" energy.
Subbor, a Toronto-based subsidiary of Eastern Power, has built upon
the existing European technology by using three digestion stages; most
of the European digesters use one or two. They also keep their
digesters slightly warmer -- at about 55 C -- which encourages the
growth of different families of anaerobic bacteria.
The modifications are supposed to increase the amount of usable gas
drawn from the garbage and improve the qualtly of the peat produced.
'We think there's a great market out there for doing smart things with
waste," says Gregory Vogl, a University of Toronto engineering science
graduate who co-founded Eastern Power with his brother, Hubert, and
Herman Walter in 1986.
The trio started the company in search of ways to make money from
the capture of landfill gas.
Engineering consultants in the energy and environmental fields, they
had become convinced that a profitable business could be developed
by using methane from landfills to produce electricity.
Eastern Power cut a deal with Toronto and built power plants at the
city's Keele Valley and Brock West dumps that today produce enough
electricity to power more than 22,000 households a year.
In the early 1990s, the company began to explore the possibilities
raised by adding anaerobic digesters to their power plants.
The idea led to the demonstration facility now being operated in
Guelph.
"We want to show people that you can build a full-sized facility for a
reasonable price and process all the waste, for instance, in Ottawa or
Montreal or Toronto," says Mr. Vagi.
The Guelph plant is capable of processing 100,000 tonnes of garbage
a year through a mostly mechanized system.
Unsorted garbage is dumped into a sorting machine that rips the green
bags open, and chops the trash into smaller pieces. The garbage is fed
onto conveyer belts which take the material to a sorting machine.
Magnets pull out metals and push out aluminum.
http://www.solutions.ca/Knowledge_Bank!ArticlesJarticle.asp?doc_id=145
9/9/2007
Jarl:5age Without Pollution
Page 4 of 5
What's left goes in stages through three large, enclosed tanks. Over a
period of 40 days, anaerobic bacteria metabolize paper and food
scraps and converts them into a soup of smaller molecules, which is
then fermented into methane and carbon dioxide by other anaerobic
organisms.
What's left, after the methane and carbon dioxide have been siphoned
off. are particles of glass, plastic and fine particles of peat that look like
coffee grounds.
The material is put through a fine screen that filters out the glass and
plastic for recycling. The peat-like material goes through a final process
to remove the heavy metats.
Subbor executives say that for every 100 kilograms of garbage that
goes through the process, 50 kilograms of biogas, 30 kilograms of
recycled glass and metals and 20 kilograms of high-grade peat are
produced.
The process creates several revenue streams: half of the company's
income comes from tipping fees; the other half from the sale of
electricity to the provincial grid, and from the sale of recycled glass,
metals and aluminum.
Mr. Vogt says the revenues are such that it can build the plant with Its
own capitat and charge only the going rate for tipping fees. City
taxpayers, he says, do not have to put up any money or take any of the
risk.
The technology will be still more profitable once a market has been
established for greenhouse gas credits - something that's expected to
happen within the next five years.
"You can have your cake and eat it too: I personalty believe it has
phenomenal potential," says John Hachey, a counciltor from lachine,
Que., and chainnan of the town's environment committee.
The town Is examining the possibility of building a Subbor plant on top
of an already contaminated site so that the poisoned soil can be
processed along with Lachine's garbage.
"Garbage is going to become a commodity with a clear value," he says.
"With this kind of plant. it's not garbage, It's recycling. It's a totalty
different way of thinking about things."
Still, Subbor executives are frustrated at the pace of their acceptance.
Thev've been all but shut out ofToronto's $1-billion waste contract.
which is expected to go to companies that move the trash out of town.
Lawson Oates, the City of Toronto's manager of strategic planning for
waste disposal, said the city is building a small-scale anaerobic
digestion plant as a demonstration facility.
The plant will use Gennan technology, which Mr. Oates says is already
proven in the marketplace, unlike Subbor's process.
Toronto council has said it wants to divert 50 per cent of its waste into
recycling streams by 2006; Mr. Oates says more anaerobic plants
could be built ilthe first is a success.
It's estimated that about half of Canada's landfill dumps will be filled
over the next 15 years. And U of O's Mr. Kennedy predicts economic
http://www.solutions.calKnowledge _Bank! Articles/article.asp?doc jd= 145
9/9/2007
:Jarbage Without Pollution
and environmental factors will increasingly add up in favour of
anaerobic digestion.
"I think you're going to see more Subbor pop up as people ask: What
can we do now with our garbage?
"Land is becoming more of a problem. The cost of managing a landfill
has gone up. And you can actually build a Subbor-type plant right on
top of the existing landfill site ... I think the force of logic is moving the
way of this technology."
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9/9/2007
talk talk talk: Toronto's Trash -- No New Thinking
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Wednesday, September 28, 2005
Toronto's Trash -- No New Thinking
According to the Toronto Star, the City of Toronto and surrounding regions
has been looking for landfill sites in the event Michigan successfully closes
its border to our trash, and "the provincial government has been given a
report that identifies the Ontario communities where 3.5 million tonnes
of GTA garbage could be dumped each year." (Kerry Gillespie, The Toronto
Star, 28 September 2005) At the same time that, as usual, our
current "leaders" are scrambling to find alternatives to Michigan, they
sacked the city's experienced and well-liked general manager of solid
waste management, Angelos Bacopoulos, because he advocated
incineration, according to the Star's columnist Royson James (26
September 2005). Apparently landfill is better.
In the meantime, our esteemed leaders are ignoring a better solution. It
would probably get rid of the ridiculous situation of having turned our
homes into garbage sorting facilities and, as well, is far more
environmentally friendly than landfill and incineration. Plus it produces
usable end products and electricity. Imagine that -- a win-win Canadian
waste management technology. It's called SUBBOR. So why has the city
ignored it? Beats me. SUBBOR tried to get a test pilot program going about
6 years ago here; they have one in Guelph already, which city upped their
diversion rate to 70 percent 2 years ago.
When politicians think with their ideology instead of their minds, they
become closed to anything but what they already know. Mayor Miller and
company already know incineration sucks because it polluted the air 30
years ago. They have no clue about current incineration technology as
used in Europe and don't care. They already know landfill is around,
nothing majorly bad has happened, it requires no new thought or new
assessment, thus it's easy for them to go that route. They have shown,
especially with their reaction to the gun violence this summer, that
thinking is not their forte and are incapable of looking at different ideas.
Landfill is a waste of arable land; trucking to landfill pollutes our air and
clogs our highways (why trains are not used is beyond me); incineration
lttp:llpario. blogspot.com/2005/09/torontos-trash- no-new-thinking.html
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talk talk talk: Toronto's Trash -- No New Thinking
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!
doesn't provide the electricity and usable products that SUBBOR does; and
we need politicians to stop dithering arguing squawking and to start
innovating.
Ever Seen This Before?
Torontoist Survey:
Some Observations
Tags: Toronto, Environment
posted by talk talk talk at 12:23 PM
METAOBLOGGING.COM
Toronto
I
6 comments:
t"
< ~ ,1 'C:
Ray Suelzer said...
I couldn't agree more!
95 percent of waste can be recycled.
rCd3j'
Labels
Food can be made into fertile dirt.
Plastic, glass, paper, cans can all be re used.
Styrofome can be reused for packaging.
Metals can all be reused.
Computer parts can be recycled.
Halifax is a great model for Toronto, they recycle 60
percent of their waste.
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There should be tax incentives for recycling in Toronto.
If a government agency drops below 80 percent
recycling rate they should loose half of their funding
until the recycle more.
There are so many practical solutions to the trash
problem.
2:52 PM, September 29, 2005
Ray Suelzer said...
Also, why doesn't Toronto set up trash centres?
Take all the trash to a facility where it is sorted out.
I have seen this process in action and it is amazing.
The total waste at "Bonnaroo Music Fest" is reducted to
about 10 percent. 90 percent can be recycled! I would
love to talk with you about Canadian issues.
http://pario.blogspot.com/200S/09/torontos-trash- no- new-thinking.html
9/9/2007
:alk talk talk: Toronto's Trash -- No New Thinking
I am an American who is interested in moving to
Canada. Although Canadians have many problems with
big government these problems are small compared to
Americas. I think that Canada is more receptive to new
ideas and thinking than the USA. I would love to help
make Canada a truly green country!
2: 59 P~1, September 29, 2005
talk talk talk said...
I'd forgotten about Halifax's excellent waste
management. Although I'm a recycling proponent, I'm
tired of being a sorting facility. That's why I like the
SUBBOR system -- it does the sorting and does a much
better job of processing and recycling ALL the trash.
Toronto has waste transfer stations that take residential
trash in addition to commercial. You can take your stuff
there, your car gets weighed, you dump your reno trash
in the appropriate areas, the rest in the big pile, then
get your car reweighed and you're charged
appropriately. But most people will not take their trash
to central places n this city is too big, not everyone has
a car, and people are way too busy to take the time.
That's why the city has comprehensive free curbside
pickup checkout the city of Toronto website for details).
Evenso, there are still idiots who dump their trash in
parks and derelict areas. I have no idea why since
pickup is free!
3; 12 PM, September 29, 2005
talk talk talk said...
I've had several Americans tell me they want to move
here and Canadians rant about how much better it
would be to live in the States. Grass is always greener,
eh? Speaking of which The Green Party here is
dedicated to green issues, though are conservative
fiscally.
The Non-Partisan Alliance has a great cross-section of
Canadian opinions, and I always try to answer
comments, in the hopes of getting a conversation going!
3:17 Pr--1: September 29,2005
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9/9/2007
:alk tnlk talk: Toronto's Trash -- No New Thinking
talk talk talk said...
"Computer parts can be recycled."
This has been a constant problem for me. Old
computers I give away/sell to friends or family. I'm also
aware of some school charities. But what do I do with
old toner (only Canon has a mail-in recycling program)?
Or with an old handheld that's totally died? If there are
programs out there, I'm unaware of them which means
the city has done a lousy job of advertising. And if no
programs, why not?
3:31 PM, September 29,2005
Ray Suelzer said...
Yeah, in reality maybe a waste sorting station isn't the
best solution.
I want to move to Canada mainly for social reasons.
Where I live I can be put in jail for recreating in my
preferred way. ;).
Here is some information on recycling electronics.
Noranda seems to have a Toronto facility for recyling
electronics.
11: 25 P1'1, September 29, 2005
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[iwf] landfill issues and new waste technologies
. From: Jan Steffen <jsteffen@xxxxxxxxxx>
. To: iwf@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
. Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2004 16:16:33 +0700
Dear members of the Indonesian Waste Forum,
the environment news letter below contains several interesting waste management examples from
Canada, ranging from landfill issues, through new waste technologies and to dealing with bird flu waste
issues.
Hoping that you are all doing well, with best wishes,
Jan
-------------------------------------------------------
Jan H. Steffen, PhD
Environment and Development in Coastal Regions
and Small Islands - CSI
UNESCO Office, Jakarta
E-mail: j,steffell<!pxxxxxxxxxx
Visit the UNESCO-CSI program on the Web:
\"..".Jv'\V, uf!~_~_co~_~~g {~_~!
W...."J\N. unesco.or. id
-------------------------------------------------------
THE GALLON
http://www.freelists.orglarchives/iw1l04-2004/msgOOOOO.html
919/2007
FreeLists 1 iwf 1 [iwf] landfill issues and new waste technologies
Page 2 of21
ENVIRONMEN1~ LETr'fER
Canadian Institute for Business and the Environment
FisherviIle, Ontario, Canada
Tel. 416410-0432, Fax: 416362-5231
Email editorial: info@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Email circulation: ggallon@xxxxxxxxxx
Vol. 9, No.8, April 22, 2004
Honoured Reader Edition
****************************************************
WASTE DISPOSAL - DOING IT BETTER
****************************************************
TORONTO'S GARBAGE: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY FOR WASTE
TECHNOLOGIES
People often think that landfill and incineration are the only options for dealing with
the fraction of the waste stream that cannot be reduced, reused, recycled or
composted. In 1998 the City of Toronto proved otherwise, and then dropped the
ball.
rn 1900 ........e C:"""T .....+'T'oront...... ....0......+ ou" ...a.......~~""l"t+.... .C'.or a.~.......aSol.ons nf";........o.rost "v;th tho
_Ll .70 UI H-J U.l 1. . V"""l1L \.. J.'-'ILfU......:H.:) Ii Vi\.j-"J.\";':) V.l UH."'...... V.1\,.l un...
aim of securing long term garbage disposal capacity under a program called
Toronto's Solid Waste Resource Management Process. The private sector was
invited to submit proposals in three categories, proven disposal, proven diversion,
and new and emerging technologies. Sustainable technologies were sought to help
the city move to 50% diversion by 2006 compared to 25% at the time.
lttp:llwww.freelists.org/archives/iwf/04-2004/msgOOOOO.html
919/2007
'reeLists / iwf / [iwi] landfill issues and new waste technologies
Page 3 of21
The City received thirty-two submissions under the new and emerging technologies
category. Eight of them were deemed to be qualified using criteria such as financial
assurances:
. Bright Star Synfuels Industries - solid waste energy recovery.
. Eastern PowerlSubbor - mixed waste using three stage process including
shredding and recovery, anaerobic digestion and biogas electricity.
. HUWS - mixed waste for energy from waste.
. Lundell - Use of existing transfer station for fuel from mixed waste, fuel to be fed
into gasification process for conversion from solid fuel to combustible gas.
. Plasma Environmental Technologies - Plasma-Assisted Advanced Cogeneration
System to convert waste to electric power.
. TCR Environmental - two separate waste processing facilities using TCR
Recycling systems; householder separates into wet and dry streams..
. Thermo Tech Ventures - New waste recycling facility and use of existing Thermo
Master Mark II BioConversion plant.
. Unisphere Waste Conversion - Unisphere Waste Processing System using
thermochemical decomposition (pyrolysis).
In 1999, Toronto Council withdrew the new and emerging technologies category
from the TIRM Process. That, in GL's view, was the big mistake. If no one is
prepared to make an investment in a new technology, how are we ever going to get
the new technology to market?
Council felt that all of the neW technologies short-listed used some form ofthermal
process. The fact is that not all thermal processes are incineration. By abandoning
some processes that could have handled some or all ofthe waste stream in a manner
more environmentally responsible than landfill in Michigan, Council lost an
opportunity to achieve its diversion from landtlH target.
Five years later, in 2003, The Regional Municipality of York issued a Request for
Proposals that is similar to the 1998 Toronto RFP. The purpose is to pilot
technology on a small-scale demonstration for five years and on a larger scale for
ten years. The small scale demonstration facility must use thermal technology and
must be able to process 20,000 tonnes of waste per year; the larger scale facility
must be able to process 70,000 tonnes per year. However, it is unlikely that
individual smaller municipalities have the resourceS, financial and otherwise, to
lttp://www.freelists.org/archives/iwf/04-2004/msgOOOOO.html
91712007
FreeLists / iwf / [i\\1] landfill issues and new waste technologies
Page 4 of21
help commercialize new and emerging waste technologies. York may not be able to
follow through: the small scale project has been referred back to committee and the
larger one is to be discussed at a Council meeting this month.
The recent federal budget has expanded funding for waste technologies under the
Sustainable Development Technology Canada funding program. Maybe this will
kick start initiatives that will make Canada a leader in diverting waste from landfill.
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''''HAT ARE NEW AND EMERGING WASTE TECHNOLOGIES?
A presentation made by City of Toronto staff Guy Perry and Brian Van Opstal to
Toronto's New and Emerging Technologies, Policies and Practices Advisory Group
in 2003 grouped municipal waste technologies into three processes: conversion,
biological and thermal.
Conversion is a physical process which may involve separation, size reduction, or
densification through equipment such as mixing rotating drums, shredders,
hydropulper, and trommel screens. Separation is not a panacea for mixed waste
because of multi-material composites, cross-contamination, and infeasiblity of
separating some types of materials.
Biological process use microorganisms to degrade material. Metabolic processes,
also called digestion, may be aerobic (with air or oxygen) or anaerobic (without air
or oxygen). Biological processes involve management ofthe bio-reactor to get the
right mix of carbon and nutrients in the waste so the microorganisms can do their
work. Aerobic reactors do not generate recoverable energy and tend to be large
because the material stays in the reactor for 20 days or more. Anaerobic reactors
produce recoverable gas which can be used for heat or to produce electricity but do
not produce compost. Both reactors need heat to be added and scrubbers and filters
to deal with odour.
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Thermal technologies use heat to reduce the volume of residual waste. Methods
include pyrolysis (no oxygen), gasification (conversion of some components ofthe
waste stream to combustible gas) and combustion. Air emissions can be an issue if
not properly managed.
Followup presentations to the Advisory Group have elaborated on these
technologies including chemical technologies such as biodegradable bags.
****************************************************
LEAKING LANDFILL CHANGED WASTE l\<IANAGEMENT IN HALIFAX
During the 1990s, the Halifax Regional Municipality paid out $5 million dollars to
buy homes around a wetland area landfill which was leaking and affecting residents.
Organized public opposition caused the Region, population about 350,000, to work
on an innovative waste management system using a combination of techniques and
technologies which led to a reduction of over 60% per person volumes from 1989
and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. Minimal property tax increases were
required as the financing was from public-private capital through a design-build-
operate contract with the private sector. Operating costs are higher but about a third
of the extra costs are recovered from tipping fees and the benefits including 125
jobs and greater protection of the environment are significant.
Each person in Halifax generates about 350 kg/person per year of waste and
recyclables (about the same as in Toronto). Halifax diverts 56% of the waste by
weight while Toronto diverts 28%. Halifax's waste diversion includes curbside
recycling (11 %), deposit return beverage system (3%), white good recycling (1 %),
household hazardous waste recycling, backyard composting/grasscycling (4%), and
leaf and yard waste in green carts (27%).
Residents sort into categories recyciabies, compostables, hazardous materials and
residual using blue bags and aerated carts for weekly or biweekly pickup. They are
also encouraged to pre cycle by avoiding purchases they don't need and choosing
least hazardous, most recycled content, etc.
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Recyclable materials are processed in a materials recovery facility.
Two privately owned composting facilities have put or pay guarantees by the
Region: the Region commits to paying so much a tonne for at least a minimum
amount oftonnes plus per tonne for any compostable waste over that.
For the residual waste, a 40,000 square foot facility uses a system of conveyors and
large containers in what is called front end processing or last chance harvest. The
garbage is sorted by hand and materials which are recyclable, hazardous or reusable
are pulled out before the rest is sent to landfill. About 6-7 kg. of material are
recovered for every 100 kg. of garbage on the conveyors.
The residual waste material leaving the front end processing facility is ground and
put into an agitated bed composting system to reduce the materials which rot. For
every 100 kg. which goes into this composting facility, in the 21 days about 11 kg.
disappear due to drying.
After being stabilized the material is landfilled. The landfill is lined and has a
leachate and gas collection. Tipping fees vary depending on the type of waste to
encourage separation of waste by the commercial, industrial and institutional sectors
which are handled by private collectors but brought to the municipal facilities.
About 45% of waste is from the ICI sector. Because nothing goes into the landfill
before it goes through the front end processing, waste which is unsorted from the
leI sector may be turned away. Construction and demolition go to private landfill
operators.
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DIVERTING 600/.~ OF RESIDENTIAL WASTE IN .EDMONTON, ALBERTA
The Edmonton Waste Management Centre is unusual in that it consists of a variety
of waste management facilities and technologies in one location. The Edmonton
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Composting Facility, the Materials Recovery Facility for sorting recyclables, an
educational theatre and public tours are part of the package. Thousands of people
including students and teachers tour the recycling facility. Canadian Waste operates
the Materials Recovery Facility; Earth Tech the Edmonton Composting Facility and
EPCOR uses landfill gas as fuel. The Edmonton Public School Board organizes the
tours and curriculum and community. About 4 cents of every tax dollar is spent on
waste management services.
With a curbside recycling program since 1988 using blue bags for single family
homes and blue bins for multi-family buildings, Edmonton, population about
666,000, has achieved a 60 per cent residential waste diversion. According to the
2002 Annual Report, the 30 Year Waste Management Strategic Plan aims for 70%
diversion from landfill for residential waste through partnerships with the private
sector.
Citizen participation is an essential part of the program. Volunteers run Community
Garbage Fairs and public education programs. At Garbage Fairs and at the Reuse
Roundup, people bring materials for reuse. Edmontonians make about 75,000 visits
to drop off household wastes and other waste such as mattresses and recyclables
such as scrap metals at year-round Eco-Stations.
The Materials Recovery Facility uses a mix of manual and automated mechanical
processes. In 2002, it shipped to market 18,211 tonnes of newspaper, 2,939 tonnes
of cardboard, 2,259 tonnes of mixed paper, 64 tonnes of phone books, and
somewhat over 800 tonnes each of glass, plastic and metal. About 63 tonnes were
items with refundable deposits which generated revenue of$140,859.
The Clover Bar Landfill was opened in 1975 and has accumulated 12 million tonnes
of garbage. With a capacity of 13,2 million tonnes, at current rates of garbage input
it will close around 2010. Products such as furniture, bicycles, batteries, propane
tank, white goods, tires, lawn and garden equipment and household hazardous waste
are sorted for recycling at the landfill.
Through 160 extraction wells in the landfill, landfill gas is collected, cleaned and
sent to the nearby Clover Bar Electricity Generating Station. The greenhouse gas
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emission saving is equivalent to taking 44,000 cars from Edmonton's streets each
year.
A Dry Waste Landfill of 13 hectares accepts only non-putrescible material, mostly
construction and demolition waste such as untreated wood, glass, gravel, roofing
materials, plastics, sand, drywall, carpet, concrete and asphalt. It has a clay liner and
a leachate collection system.
This Edmonton program illustrates the diversity of approaches which may be
needed to make landfills last longer and have less negative effects on people and the
environment.
In addition, a new research facility the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of
Excellence is under construction. Edmonton Waste Management Centre of
Excellence researches solid waste and wastewater treatment knowledge and
technologies Incorporated as a non-profit since February 2003, it is a venture
partnership ofthe City of Edmonton, the University of Alberta, the Alberta
Research Council, AMEC, OIds College and the Northern Alberta Institute of
Technology
****************************************************
DON'T BE ALARMED: LOTS OF SPACE F'OR LAND.FILL!
The Fraser Institute tries to downplay environmental concerns from what its writers
tend to call environmental alarmists. One of these concerns is that Canadians
produce too much waste. In a special paper for Earth Day 2004, Kenneth Green
accepts that the total amount of waste generated in Canada is increasing (even
though it is decreasing in some provinces Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba
and British Columbia). The amount ofiand surface needed to dispose of waste is
minimal, he says. A United States study indicated that the US could put 1,000 years
worth of its garbage in a square of land 71 km (44 miles) on each side and about 37
meters (120 feet) deep or a small fraction of one percent of US land area.
Extrapolating this to Canada with about one-tenth of the US population and similar
waste per person amounts, the land needed in Canada would be one-tenth.
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While GL agrees that landfilling by itself is not the most serious environmental
problem, the scenario Green presents neglects to mention other important issues
regarding waste disposal to the landfill he suggests. Among these issues are locating
and funding such a site to meet environmental standards, transporting waste such
large distances, the road and other infrastructure which would be needed to support
the traffic, and the economic and environmental burdens of maintaining in
perpetuity all the existing landfill sites as well as this monstrous one. Inactive
landfills have no tipping fees to fund maintenance and often cause problems due to
neglect. Even if hypothetically speaking such use of space for a single dedicated
landfill were possible, it is a leap in assumption to say that the environmental harm
would be neglible. To use another example, perhaps Green might also say that there
is no environmental harm to a particular amount of oil because the total amount of
oil can fit into a litre container, which compared to all the water resources in
Canada is an infinitesimal amount. Yet Environment Canada tells us that one litre of
oil can contaminate up to 2 million litres of drinking water.
The concerns about waste generation are not just about how much space in land,
disposal takes, but about the lifecycle effects of products, the waste disposal process
and the landfill itself.
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LANDFILLS IN CANADA
While there are over 10,000 landfill sites in Canada, a relatively small proportion
accept most of the waste. According to Statistics Canada year 2000 data, less than
half of landfills have a liner. However, lined landfills accepted 77% of the waste
disposed. The better engineered landfills tend to be the larger, regional ones. Only
18% of active landfills had collection for leachate but those so equipped collected
about 75% of the waste.
Environment Canada reviewed 1999 greenhouse gas emissions from the Waste
Sector defined as solid waste disposal on land, wastewater handling and waste
incineration. The emissions contributed 3.4% of Canada's total emissions and
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disposal of solid waste on land represented 93% of the emissions for the Waste
Sector. These emissions are almost completely methane. Between 1990 and 1999,
waste related landfill emissions from two types of landfills in Canada, municipal
solid waste landfills and wood waste landfills, rose by 17%.
While emissions increased, landfill gas recovery increased by 40% between 1990
and 1999, reducing the overall rate of emission growth. Landfill gas is produced
primarily in the first 20 years after material is landfilled but emissions may continue
for over 100 years.
****************************************************
EXCA V A TING DATA AND OTHER STUFF FROM LANDFILLS
William Rathje is best known for his study of landfills, known as garbology, as part
of the University of Arizona Anthropology Department's Garbage Project. Much of
the study work in the 1970s and 80s was done at a research facility to which
sanitation crews delivered the garbage. One of the research results showed that after
California's Marin County's household hazardous waste "Toxics Away" days, there
were more hazardous materials in the garbage than before. The garbologists
suggested that the media hype made people aware but because the collection day
was only for one day, perhaps they missed it and threw the materials into the regular
trash. More frequent collection days or permanent collection sites were suggested.
The Garbage Project excavated its first landfill in 1987. The researcher found that
very little material biodegraded under the conditions of the landfill. It also found
that people's common conception of what filled up the landfill were not supported
by the data. For example, poll surveys in 1990 indicated that respondents identified
disposable diapers, plastic bottles, and large appliances as major contributors to
garbage. The dig found that these items were a small percentage of the actual
volume oflandfills (each ofthe above category representing less than 2% each of
the total voiume). The largest category by volume was paper: paper packaging, nOI1-
packing paper such as computer paper, paper plates and cups, and junk mail.
Magazines were about 1.2% of the volume as much fast-food packaging and
polystyrene foam combined. In total paper was 40% of a landfill's contents and
newspapers represented one quarter of the paper's volume. Telephone books were
noted as having a noticeable presence. Construction and demolition waste was
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another large contributor to the volume of a landfill.
Rathje's digging in four landfill sites near Toronto in 1991 showed the effect of the
Blue Box program. While landfills up to then in both Canada and the US had
similar composition, this study indicated changes. In the post Blue Box period
(1982-1990) volume of newspapers decreased by over 60% from 12.9% of total
garbage volume for the pre-Blue Box (pre 1982) to 6.7%. Glass decreased more
than 50% (from 2.1% of volume to 0.8%). While newspaper and glass were the first
materials targetted by the Blue Box, other materials (metal cans, PET bottles and
corrugated cardboard) were not targetted until the mid-1980s and the garbologists
did not identify a statistical difference in these materials in 1991.
Among the recommendations from Rathje's study were:
. Don't think of garbage as a crisis. There is time to develop garbage policy because
garbage is unlike a meteor heading straight for earth. Policy should include making
continuous improvements, applying advanced technology, using information about
human behaviour, and thinking through the consequences of proposed inititiatives.
o There is no silver bullet. Each of the approaches to waste handling such as source
reduction, recycling, incineration, landfilling has advantages and disadvantages and
policy should use these differently in different communities and regions.
. Be willing to pay for garbage handling. Local governments often aim for zero-net-
cost in deciding between recycling and garbage disposal even though recycling
saves filling up the landfill and conserves resoruces. The short-term cost-saving
generates long term expenses.
o Use money as an incentive. Programs which charge progressively for more
garbage while not charging anything for recycling cause people to recycle more.
o Focus on the big ticket items. Although plastic packaging may have high public
profile, paper and construction waste account for over half of the waste in landfills.
o Buy recycled and recyclable products. Recycling will only work if there are
markets for the material.
. Encourage modest changes in behaviour. Reducing food waste, composting yard
waste and reducing disposal of hazardous waste to landfill are three suggested
priorities. Changing human behaviour requires sustained attention over a long time.
****************************************************
-rIfE 10 CENTS SOLUTION
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Deposit and return systems for beverage containers are an effective way of
transferring recycling/disposal costs to producers and consumers from government
and taxpayers, according to the US-based Container Recycling Institute, a non-
profit advocacy group with a focus on reducing wasteful packaging.
A 3rd edition of the review of bottle bills report, The 10 (symbol cents) Incentive to
Recycle, looks at deposit systems, their higher recycling, their compatibility with
curbside recycling, impact onjobs, environment and public health and industry
opposition.
****************************************************
DISPOSAL OF ANI/VIALS IN DISEASE EMERGENCIES
During the foot and mouth crisis in Great Britain in 2001, 6 million animals were
slaughtered. A UK Commons Public Account report on Foot and Mouth later
criticized the government for its disposal methods. Animals were moved around the
countryside to be burned in large funeral piles, a process which spread the disease
further. The mass burial sites used after burning was stopped created potential
environmental problems due to seepage. Cleaning and disinfecting offarms cost on
average 36,000 pounds but due to lack of planning the efforts were not always
effective.
In 2003-2004, as an avian influenza outbreak hits at least 10 Asian countries and
then other continents, disposal methods not only of the chicken carcasses but the
eggs, the litter, the manure and the feed are causing people to express their
concerns. In Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, during the third outbreak of bird flu infection,
people said that putting birds into a vinyl bag, gassing and then burying them on the
fann would pose a threat to the environment and people's health.
In Canada's Fraser Valley, all domestic birds within the control area, numbering 19
million and potentially including racing pigeons, endangered parrots and other
exotic birds, were put under a death sentence by the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency in April. The actual slaughter will take weeks. Because most of these birds
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are not infected, the edible ones will be put into the food stream but at least a
million birds are infected and recent spread of the disease will increase the number
which cannot be used for food.
Local residents near the Greater Vancouver District landfill in Cache Creek
threatened a blockade if the BC government trucks infected carcasses to the landfill.
The British Columbia Minister of Agriculture John van Dongen posted a message
on disposal options on April 16 . Because the virus is susceptible to heat,
composting in the poultry barns or central composting facility is preferred.
Incineration is next as a choice but available facilities cannot handle the volume.
Landfill is going to be used as well based on a protocol for collection, transportation
and disposal. As of April 15, 240,000 birds have been composted on farms and
350,000 have been incinerated at the Similco Mine near Princeton or landfilled in
Chilliwack. Another 280,000 are to be slaughtered for disposal: 230,000 will be
composted on farms and 140,000 will be incinerated or landfilled. The protested
GVRD landfill remains an option.
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WESTERN AUSTRALIA PLAN FOR ANIMAL DISEASE OUTBREAK
Strategic planning for an avian disease outbreak was done by the Government of
Western Australia and the poultry industry in 2002. Among the options for the
disposal of putrescible wastes in the event of an exotic disease were:
Burning (funeral pyre/pit) - Not favoured. It has serious limitations because of
seasonal fire bans, offensive smoke, lack of experience and residues contaminating
water supply. Useful for sma!! quantities.
Burning (incineration) - Preferred for carcass disposal but limited by capacity.
Limited number of incinerators are suitable for putrescible wastes and existing
capacity is too small for major outbreak but acceptable for smaller quantities. The
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plant's usual clients still need access or they will also experience disposal problems.
New planned facilities will have the capacity and technologies.
Burning (Electricity Generation) - Preferred for litter but facility is not available.
Still in development.
Rendering - Preferred due to rendering plants using high heat but capacity is
limited. Should not limit other users. Some plants cannot handle feathers, have poor
odour control, are not licensed to handle this type of material and do not have
adequate biosecurity.
Burial (on-site) - Acceptable in area with low soil permeability but there must be
no leakage of effluent. Not acceptable near wetlands or water wells or anywhere
where contamination of drinking water supplies is a risk. For carcasses, litter and
feed.
Burial (licensed landfill sites) - Acceptable if landfills engineered for leachate
collections subject to the approval of the local government authority or if private,
the private operator.
Burial (remote site) - The government should designate suitable disposal reserves
of low soil permeability on Government land which should a disease outbreak occur
can be used for burial of infected material at short notice.
Composting (Off-site/commercial facilities) - Favoured if closed facility. Existing
facilities are cost effective and composting under the right mix of carbon is accepted
worldwide as a method of dealing with chicken carcasses as long as effluent is
contained. Not favoured if open air composting which is unsuitable for large
quantities of putrescible wastes due to environmental and disease control problems.
As well as potential odour and runoff of effluent to groundwater, vermin and birds
and blown dust may cary the disease further.
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Composting (on-site) - Possible. Composting on site ofthe shed is possible for
litter and feed if the process can be contained in a closed shed and disposed of on
the property. Small quantities can be composted in bins on the site. If the shed is
full of cages for layers, it may not be suitable.
Compo sting (remote site) - More practical to bury.
If material has to be taken off-site, maintenance of biosecurity is essential. One
estimate of the amount of waste involved: 250,000 laying hens would make about
475 tonnes of carcasses, 7,500 tonnes of cage litter/manure and 260 tonnes offeed,
all of which would, if there is an infection, have to be disposed of in a biosecure
manner. Adequate resources must be provided at the off-site location including
officials skilled in the disposal of infected waste material and physical resources to
maintain biosecurity for the appropriate length oftime. The disposal site will
require protocols, permits as required by environmental authorities, disinfection and
cleaning of trucks before leaving the site, separate access for other users of the site,
burying of waste the same day and maintenance ofbiosecurity until the infection is
inert.
****************************************************
CHINA ISSUES 2003 SOE REPORT
China's annual state of the environment report for 2003 states that environmental
quality stayed level with last year but the country experiences some serious issues.
Urban air pollution is one problem although some cities improved. Acid rain is a
common problem and worsened since last year with 54% or 265 cities ofthe 487
monitored having acid rain (PH equal or lower than 5.6). Some seriously polluted
areas had an average PH value of less than 4.0.
Monitoring of offshore seawater quality, indicated that about a third of the 237
points measured had quality below the two lowest standards although this was an
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improvement from last year of 6%. In Shanghai the offshore seawater quality was
poor.
In the 409 sections of seven river basins, over 60% of sections were below the two
lowest standards. Pollutants were ammonia, nitrogen, 5-day BOD, permanganate
and petroleum. Several lakes were subject to serious pollution from nitrogen and
phosphate and in various states of eutrophication (so rich in nutrients that dense
plant growth uses up most of the oxygen needed for animal life). The Three-Gorges
Reservoir had relatively good water quality. Of the 47 cities monitored for
centralized drinking water supply, all had source water quality meeting or
exceeding the national standard. However, ground water pollutants were nitrogen,
fecal coliform and E.Coli. Underground water pollutants contained sulfates.
Road traffic noise resulted in 13 cities of 401 total with serious effects, 21 cities
with intermediate effects and 50 cities with light effects. Good acoustic
environments were said to be those below 68 decibels and 80% of the cities fall in
this category although residents put noise high on their list of concerns.
Other issues are erosion, pollution due to the density ofthe population, food safety,
loss of biodiversity due to alien species and loss of ecological function.
Vice Minister Zhu Guangyao of the State Environmental Protection Administration
said at the release of the report in Beijing that the country is making efforts to
protect the environment and progress is being made but the environment still
remains vulnerable. The government is using four principles: 1. prevention and
protection 2. eco-conservation and eco-development 3. fees and requirements to
protect for those using natural resources and 4. respect for both the laws of nature
and the laws of economics while basing development on science.
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FCM RELEASES THIRD QUALITY OF UFE REPORT
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In the preface to the FCM's 2004 Quality ofUfe Report, the third QOL report since
1999, Yves Ducharme, President, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, concludes
that "there is quality shortfall-the gap between our vision and our reality, where
we are and where we should be." The data is for 20 municipalities in Canada which
represent 40% of the population.
The definition the FCM uses for Quality ofUfe is:
The quality of life as being enhanced and reinforced in municipalities that:
I. Develop and maintain a vibrant local economy;
2. Protect and enhance the natural and built environment;
3. Offer opportunities for the attainment of personal goals, hopes and aspirations;
4. Promote a fair and equitable sharing of common resources;
5. Enable residents to meet their basic needs; and
6. Support rich social interactions and the inclusion of all residents in community
life.
Under the Environment section, the report present data on public transit, air quality,
waste water treatment and solid-waste management.
In the period 1996-2001 (data from Statistics Canadan Census) auto use for
commuting declined slightly on average but increased in 11 of20 municipalities,
and walking and cycling for commuting decreased in 14 of20. Transit use was
down in 11 of20 municipalities.
Air quality was seen to be generally within acceptable ranges except for ground-
level ozone which exceeded maximum acceptable ranges in many municipalities.
Municipalities are increasingly using secondary and tertiary treatment for municipal
wastewater except coastal municipalities which often still only use primary
treatment, which removes only about half of the organic waste.
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Recycling rose from 11 % to 18% in 2002 and waste diversion from 20% in 1991 to
32 percent in 2002. The total amount of waste sent to landfill continues to increase,
however.
GL thinks that this selection of indicators illustrates a number of issues. One is that
Canada still lacks a decent data collection system to measure environmental effects.
While FCM was able to give waste diversion rates for a number of other countries,
there was no national waste diversion rate for Canada. A second issue is that readers
should remember that FCM is essentially a lobby group for municipalities and that
these chosen indicators reflect priorities for funding by municipalities. Nothing
wrong with that but environmentally concerned residents may have a different take
on environmental indicators such as access to public transit so they can avoid taking
the car to work, land use planning which provides access to environmental treasures
such as lakefronts instead of building condos there, protection of natural
ecosystems, city forests and parks, pesticide by-laws, and so on.
****************************************************
TOYOTA EARTH DAY SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM:
On Earth Day, Toyota will give the national award from its scholarship program
held in conjunction with Earth Day Canada. The regional 15 awards of $5,000 each
were given out April 19, 20 and 21. Applicants who are graduating from high
school are judged on their demonstrated commitment and service to community
environmental issues, participation in volunteer and extracurricular activity in
school and in the community, have high academic standing, and show attributes for
potential as an environmental leader.
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VOLUNTARY LABELLING OF GM FOOD STANDARD PUBLISHED
The Canadian General Standards Board has published a final National Standard for
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the Voluntary Labelling and Advertising of Foods That Are and Are Not Products
of Genetic Engineering. The two biggest objections from groups such as
Greenpeace Canada are that the standard allows for voluntary rather than mandatory
labelling and that a non-GE label can be put on a food even it is contains up to just
under 5% genetically modified ingredients. Voluntary means that the food doesn't
have to be labelled but if it is labelled, those who choose to comply with the
standard agree to follow the procedures in the standard.
The food producers choosing to use the standard (let GL know if you encounter
any) will have to keep up-to-date on which products on the market are genetically
modified as some of the claims have to account for this. For example, if there are no
GE oranges on the market, the no-GE claim must say something like, "Like all
oranges, the oranges in this fruit salad are not a product of genetic engineering."
In order to make a claim that any ofthe ingredients, say in a fruit salad, are not a
product of genetic engineering, the food producer must do the following:
. The source of each ingredient making up 1% or more by weight of the salad must
be checked.
. The label must indicate in the ingredient list all ingredients which are products of
genetic engineering or mixtures of GE and non-GE. If there are unverified
ingredients, these can constitute no more than 5% of the total weight of the fruit
salad.
Special rules apply if the claim is made more prominently on the front display panel
rather than the ingredient list.
All claims whether for GE or non-GE must have documentation to verify them;
verification may include testing, detection processes, inspection, and audits. A
management and control system needs to be in place to follow the food from the
planting of seed, harvesting, preparation, processing, packaging, transporting,
storing, and final distribution. Documentation must be kept when the food is made
and a reasonable length of time afterwards depending on the shelf life of the
oroduct.
.
The standard also applies to advertising and food packaged at point of sale and bulk
food. It does not apply to processing aids, enzymes used in small quantities,
substrates for micro-organisms, veterinary biologics and animal feeds.
I1ttp:/ /V>lWW .freelists.org/archives/i wJJ04- 2004/msgOOOOO .html
9/7/2007
'reeLists / iwf I [iwfllandfill issues and new waste technologies
Page 20 of21
Although it is possible that the Canadian Food Inspection Agency will use the
standard for judging labelling claims, past experience with previous standards such
as the voluntary organic agriculture national standard has shown that it takes a long
time for the regulators to decide whether and how to use these types of standards in
regulations or guidelines. In the meantime, the press release posted on the CFIA
web site states, "As with all Canadian standards, both industry and governments
will benefit from a clear understanding of the acceptable framework surrounding the
making of food claims."
GL had previously recommended that because of its importance this standard be
made available free because such standards often cost over $60. Thanks to
negotiations between CGSB and CFIA, the standard is now freely available on the
CGSB web site.
Canadian General Standards Board. Voluntary Labelling and Advertising of Foods
That Are and Are Not Products of Genetic Engineering National Standard.
CAN/CGSB-32.315-2004 Gatineau, Quebec: April 2004.
http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb/032_025/standard-e.html
****************************************************
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Copyright 11)2004
Canadian Institute for Business and the Environment
119 Concession 6 Rd Fisherville ON NOA 1 GO Canada.
Fisherville & Toronto
All rights reserved.
Distribution managed by EcoLog Information Resources Group
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
I1ttp://www.freelists.org/archives/iwf/04-2004/msgOOOOO.html
91712007
FreeLists / iwf / [iwf] landfill issues and new waste technologies
Page 21 of2l
****************************************************
THE GALLON
ENVIRONMENT LETTER
Canadian Institute for Business and the Environment
Monthly Sustainable Technology & Services Supplement
April 2004
****************************************************
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AI! trademarks and copyrights within the FreeLists archives are owned by their respective owners.
Everything else (92007 Avenir Technologies, LLe.
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91712007
June 30, 2003
SOUTHEAST KANSAS HEALTH
STUDY
FINAL REPORT
By
H. William Barkman, M.D., M.S.P.H., Dennis D. Lane, Ph.D., John S. Neuberger, Dr.PH,
Richard Baldauf, M.S., Ph.D., Mary Brothers, M.D., Ray E. Carter, M.S., Carrie Cote, M.S.,
Bin Ge, M.S., Sergio Guerra, M.S., Matthew Hall, Ph.D., Susan Lava, M.P.H., M.D.,
Glen A. Marotz, Ph.D., Matthew Mayo, Niaman Nazir, M.P.H.; Pb.D., J. rhomas Pierce, Pb.D.,
Valerie Shostrom, M.S., Mary G. Walker, B.A., and Dennis Wallace, Ph.D.
EPA ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT X 997409-01
Center for Environmental and Occupational Health
The University of Kansas Medical Center
1034 Breidenthal Building
390 I Rainbow Boulevard
Kansas City, Kansas 66160
Abstract
The University of Kansas Medical Center and The University of Kansas conducted a health study for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency in four southeast Kansas cities where hazardous waste burners were operated. The
study communities included Chanute, Coffeyville, Fredonia, and Independcnce. A fifth community, Sedan, which
has no industrial operations and is located upwind from the other communities, was selected as the control city. The
objective of the study was to detenrune if respiratory health problems or the incidcnce of cancer in the study
communities could be related to the operation of the hazardous waste burners and other potential sources of emissions
in the area. The study investigated respiratory health, using a respiratory health survey, and cancer incidence and
mortality rates in the study eommunities. The study also included an extensive air quality monitoring component.
Data collected on the respiratory health survey were analyzed to compare the overall respiratory health of
residents of the case cities to the residents of the control city. This allowed for comparisons of self-reported
respiratory illness rates such as asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and bronchitis as well as comparisons of respiratory
related symptoms such as coughing, pWegm, wheezing, and colds. There were no differences fOlmd that would
indicate that the respiratory health of residents in the case cities was any worse than that in the control cily. However,
smokers, regardless of residency, were found to have significantly bigher rates of respiratory symptoms and illncss.
Data was also collected on the air quality in the ease cities based on the concentration levels of different particles.
This data was correlated with the number of respiratory related emergency visits to local hospitals in order to see if
increased air pollution yielded more ER visits. For the most part, the correlation was not significant. In two of the
cities, the increased presence of specific air pollutants did correlatc with the number of respiratory related ER visits.
However, since the concentration levels of these pollutants remained well below EP A guidelines for all samples, we
believe that the significant correlation occurred merely by chance or by the presence of another unmeasured factor.
In response to community concerns about an excess of cancer occurring in the study conununities, a
comprehensive cancer investigation was done. This included comparing incidence and mortality observed and
expected cases for the exposed cities and counties. Comparison was made to population equivalent counties and cities
in Kansas. In addition, medical records were compared to cancer records at the state cancer registry. A literature
review was conducted for occupational exposures to firefighters, hazardous waste operators, inciuerator operators,
and petroleum refmery workers. Reports from a community informant were compared to the state cancer registry. A
questionnaire survey was distributed to community residents. Results showed no increased risk for cancers that might
he possibly related to exposures of concern. There were no excess of pediatric cancer cases or deaths. The cancer
registry had excellent reporting. Several pediatric cancers that were reported by the informant were not confirmed by
the registry. Additional surveillance research and a tobacco use prevention and control program are recommended for
the counties.
In conjunction with comprehensive cancer and respiratory investigations, air quality monitoring was conducted
in in Chanute, Coffeyville, Fredonia, and Independence. In addition, monitoring sites were established in Sedan,
Tyro, and Labette County to assess background air quality and pollutant transport. Pollutants measured included
particulate matter (PM,., and PMJO), trace metal content in selected PM,., samples, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide, and mercury content of wet and dry deposition. With very few exceptions, concentrations of these pollutants
were below established standards and other published risk levels throughout the study. Selected volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) also were monitored during the study. Concentrations above published risk levels were found for
some VOCs, although infrequently. It was not shown conclusively that the targeted sources contributed significantly
to these concentrations.
ii
SKHS Fnl Rpt
Abbreviations and Symbols
2,3,7,8-TCDD
ALL
C.!.
CO
GC/MS
H2S
HWDF
HWE
IARC
ISCST3
NHL
NO,
NOx
NWS
03
PCB
PMIO
PM,.,
QAPP
R.IL
SCREEN3
SMR
SO,
TEOM
TSP
USGS
VAPS
VOC
Dioxin
Acute Lymphatic Leukemia
Confidence Interval
Carbon Monoxide
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hazardous Waste Derived Fuels
Healthy Worker Effect
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Dispersion Model
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
N ational Weather Service
Ozone
Polychlorinated Biphenols
Particulate Matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less
Particulate Matter with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or less
Quality Assurance Project Plan
Relative Risk
Regulatory Dispersion Model
Standardized Mortality Ratio
Sulfur Dioxide
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance
Total Suspended Particulate
United States Geological Survey
Versatile Air Pollutant Sampler
Volatile Organic Compouod
iii
SKHS Fnl Rpt
Acknowledgment
Thc Southeast Kansas Hcalth Study investigators wish to acknowledgc and thank a number of individuals for
thcir support and hclp in carrying out this research grant. Among the University of Kansas graduate students who
supported this research are the following individuals: Richard Baldauf, Ph.D.; Ms. Carrie Cote, M.S.; and Mr. Sergio
GuelTa, M.S. Among the University of Kansas Medical Center students who supported this research are the following
individuals: Mary Brothers, M.D.; Ms. Susan Lava, M.P.H; Mr. Niaman Nazir, M.P.H.; Mr. James Parmele; and
Shakil Ahmed Saghire, Ph.D. Special statistical analysis support was given by the following KU Mcdical Center
Staff: Ed Brown, Ph.D.; Ms. Marsha Wrona, M.S.; Matthew Mayo, Ph.D.; Matthew Hall, Ph.D., Ms. Valerie
Shostrom, M.S.; and Ms. Bin Ge, M.S. We are also grateful for the support of the staff of KU Medical Center's
Pulmonary Function Laboratory.
Members of the Southeast Kansas Health Study's Advisory Committee provided invaluable guidance to this
research effort. They include the following individuals: Dr. Jimmie Browning, President, Kansas Medical Society;
Dr. Ross Brownson, St. Louis University; Ms. Judy Keller, American Lung Association of Kansas; Cmdr. David A.
Parker, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ArSDR); Dr. Gary Spivey, Kansas Foundation for
Medical Care, Inc.; Ms. Natalie Storey, R.N.; Dr. Dee Vemberg, The University of Kansas; and Mr. Jan Sides,
Kausas Department of Health and Enviromnent. Ex-officio committee members include the following individuals:
Mr. John Smith, U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, Region 7; Dr. H. William Barkman, The University of
Kansas Medical Center; Dr. Dennis D. Lane, The University of Kansas; Dr. John S. Neuberger, The University of
Kansas Medical Center; and Dr. William Jewell, The University of Kansas Medical Center.
Hospital administrators and chiefs of staff of the study commnnity hospitals also supported this research effort.
Those people include the following individuals: Mr. Murray Brown, Neosho Memorial Hospital; Dr. Michael Peaster,
Chief of Staff, Neosho Memorial Hospital; Mr. Gerald Marquette, Coffeyville Regional Medical Center; Mr. Terry
Duschaine, Fredonia Regional Hospital; Dr. Ralph Sumner, Chief of Staff, Fredonia Regional Hospital; Mr. Jerry
Stevenson, Mercy Hospital; Dr. William Wosick, Chief of Staff, Mercy Hospital; Ms. Shiela Nettles, Sedan City
Hospital; and Dr. James McDermott, Chief of Staff, Sedan City Hospital.
Records Management Department staff of the study community hospitals also provided assistance to this research
effort. We wish to acknowledge the support of the following individuals for their help in collecting important health
data for this research study: Ms. Karen Lehman, Mercy Hospital; Mr. Bryant Stafford, Ms. Pat Hernandez, and Ms.
Jean Martindale, Coffeyville Regional Medical Center; MS.Tambra Bibler and Ms. Amy Hebb, Fredonia Medical
Center; Ms. Gretchen Keller, Neosho Memorial Hospital; and Ms. Anita Windsor, Sedan City Hospital.
Investigators wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following county appraisers for making available to them,
for the mailing of health questionnaires, property owner tax rolls in the study communities: Mr. Frank Abreu,
Chautauqua County Tax Appraiser; Mr. Bill Hendrix, Montgomery County rax Appraiser, and Mr. Jim Shontz,
Montgomery County Computer Programmer; Mr. David Shepard, Neosho County Tax Appraiser; and Ms. Karen
Spencer, Wilson County Tax Appraiser.
School Nurses and secretaries who supported this research effort include the following individuals: Ms. Gloria
Ruggles for the Chanute School District; Ms. Sue Gallagher for the Coffeyville School District; Ms. Pam Peters and
rvfs. Vicki Eiseie for the Fredonia School District; Ms. Kathy Raub for the Independence School District; and Ms.
Ginger Sweeney for the Sed",. School District.
iv
SKHS Fnl Rpt
We appreciate the support of the mayors of Chanute, Coffeyville, Fredonia, Independence, and Sedan and their
staffs. Withont their assistance we would not have been able to conduct the many public meetings mandated by the
study.
The support of the study community newspapers and their managing editors and publishers was indispensable to
the success of this study. Those uewspapers and their editors/publishers are as follows: The Chanute Tribune, edited
and published by Mr. Duane Schrag; The Sedan Times Star, edited and published by Mr. Paula Richards; The Wilson
County Citizen, edited and published by Ms. Mina DeBerry; Independence Daily Reporter, published by Mr. Hub
Meyer; and The Coffeyville Journal published by Mr. Mike Thornberry.
Southeast Kansas Health Study team included the following individuals: H. William Barkman, M.D., Principal
Investigator, The University of Kansas Medical Center; Dennis D. Lane, Ph.D., Co-principal Investigator, The
University of Kansas; John S. Neuberger, Dr.PH, Co-principal Investigator, The University of Kansas Medical
Center; Richard Baldauf, M.S., Ph.D., Graduate Student, The University of Kansas; Mary Brothers, M.D., Graduate
Student, The University of Kansas Medical Center; Ray E. Carter, M.S., Investigator, The University of Kansas;
Carrie Cote, M.S., Graduate Student, The University of Kansas; Bin Ge, M.S., Statistician, The University of Kansas
Medical Center; Sergio Guerra, M.S., Graduate Student, The University of Kansas; Matthew Hall, Ph.D., Statistician,
The University of Kansas Medical Center; Susan Lava, M.P.H., M.D., Data Coordinator, The University of Kansas
Medical Center; Glen A. Marotz, Ph.D., Investigator, The University of Kansas; Matthew Mayo, Ph.D., Statistician,
The University of Kansas Medical Center; Niaman Nazir, M.P.H., Data Coordinator, The University of Kansas
Medical Center; James Parmale, M.D., Data Coordinator, The University of Kansas Medical Center; 1. Thomas
Pierce, Ph.D., Investigator, The University of Kansas Medical Center; Valerie Shostrom, M.S., Statistician, The
University of Kansas Medical Center; Mary G. Walker, B.A., Project Coordinator, The University of Kansas Medical
Center; and Dennis Wallace, Ph.D., Statistician, The University of Kansas Medical Center.
v
SKHS Fnl Rpt
w�jARA KAM ' Tour of Waste Management Facilities
aS76' lan in the Halifax Regional Municipal Region June 7 to 9, 2006
Presentation to Waste Reduction Task Force Meeting July 19, 2006
Solid Otter Lake
Management Facilit1fir
Built 1997-98, opened January 1999
® Approximately 125 hectares, Halifax
Regional Municipality owns 3800 hectares
surrounding
® Receives 450-900 tonnes per day
e Front end sorting of recyclables
® In-vessel stabilization of organics
Incoming 155,000 per year, landfilled
residuals 135,000 per year
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M1LANA HA L;°1,I.% Tour of Waste Management Facilities
T in the Halifax Regional Municipal Region June 7 to 9, 2006
Presentation to Waste Reduction Task Force Meeting July 19, 2006
Chester Landfill
+ Compaction System :
— Caterpillar patented system
— Computerized — monitoring in office and compactor
— Cat equipment only
— Optimum compaction and landfill airspace use if properly
calibrated
+ L.eachate Treatment System :
— First of fits kind in Canada
— Initial treatment in lagoons
— Then supernatent is made into snow in winter, atomized the
rest of the year
— No discharge to receiving waters
— Sludge is contained and landfilled
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in the Halifax Regional Municipal Region June 7 to 9, 2006
Presentation to Waste Reduction Task Force Meeting July 19, 2006
New Era Farms Comp-'aosting Facility
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,) WSTEPlan in the Halifax Regional Municipal Region June 7 to 9, 2006
Presentation to Waste Reduction Task Force`'Meeting July 19, 2006
EcomEffidency Centre
#,D Educational and environmental support for small
and medium sized businesses on waste
reduction, resource conservation and sustainable
business practices
+ Non-profit organization funded by government
and industry partners and operated by Faculty of
Management, Dalhousie University
o Located in Burnside Industrial Park, Halifax — one
of the largest in eastern Canada with 1400
hectares, 1300 businesses and 17,000 employees
Centre encourages the concept of industrial
ecology within the business park
4 g'is't:
WasfiPlan
$TAn~ REPOR1'
Niagara Region and the City of Hami~on - Working together for shared solutions
REPORT TO:
SUBJECT:
Co-Chairs and Members of the Joint Working Group
DATE:
Report on 'Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives
To" and Selection of a Preferred Disposal System' and Next Steps
August 9, 2007
RECOMMENDATION(S)
It is recommended that this staff report be received and that:
(1) The 'Addendum Report to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives To" and Selection of a
Preferred Disposal System', dated July 20, 2007, be received;
(2) The WastePlan Environmental Assessment (EA) Study process recess for a period of nine
(9) months to allow for staff to follow up on matters that potential impact on future of the EA
study;
(3) The WastePlan Joint Working Group reconvene in May of 2008 to consider the next steps to
be taken (time, date and location to be determined by staff);
(4) The WastePlan website be maintained through the recess by the City of Hamilton, at a cost
to be shared by Niagara and Hamilton;
(5) The e-mail contact information be shared by Niagara and Hamilton staff; and
(6) The consulting arrangement with MacViro be concluded; any future work to be determined
through an appropriate purchasing process.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this report is to provide members of the Niagara-Hamilton WastePlan's Joint
Working Group with staff comments on the 'Addendum to the Draft Report on the Evaluation of
''Alternatives To' and Selection of a Preferred Disposal System' and recommended next steps in
the process.
In this report the 'Draft Report on the Evaluation of "Alternatives To" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System' dated December 5, 2005 wiii be referred to as the "Draft Report". The
'Addendum to Draft Report on the Evaluation of "Alternatives To" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System' dated July 20, 2007 will be referred to as the "Addendum Report".
BACKGROUND
In 2003, the Niagara Region and the City of Hamilton began to have discussions about working
together to address waste disposal capacity needs. Niagara had done some preliminary studies
on disposal options, Hamilton had closed SWARU and was looking to begin consideration of
alternatives to landfill. After several months of discussion, a formal agreement to proceed was
signed in March 2004, with an effective date of January 1, 2004.
The WastePlan Environmental Assessment (EA) Study of alternative waste disposal systems was
initiated in 2004 with the preparation of the Terms of Reference for the study. The Terms of
Reference was developed through a public consultation process that determined priorities and
Report on Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives to" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System
August 9, 2007
criteria to guide the study. The Terms of Reference was approved by the Minister of the
Environment in February 2005,
The first step of the EA study was the evaluation of "Alternatives To", which are the alternative
systems that were considered in the process. Eight systems were identified and a public
consultation process was undertaken to determine the preferred system.
Based on the priorities, criteria and public consultation, a Draft Report on the Evaluation of
"Alternatives To" and Selection of a Preferred Disposal System was completed in December 2005
indicating that the preferred system was system 2B, thermal technology with the recovery of
recyclable materials. The report was received by the Joint Working Group and issued for a sixty
day public commenting period. Following the public consultation process, the Joint Working Group
received the report on "Consideration of Substantive Issues Identified by Public on Recommended
Long-term Disposal System, Issues Discussion Paper, March 9, 2006" on March 9, 2006. At that
time the Joint Working Group also decided to undertake additional initiatives including a tour of the
Otter Lake Facility in Halifax, screening of landfill opportunities, a sensitivity analysis to address the
public comments, detailed response to the public comments and the Stabilized Landfill Study.
The results of this work and the public consultation have been considered and incorporated into
the 'Addendum to the Draft Report on the Evaluation of "Alternatives To" and Selection of a
Preferred Disposal System'.
REPORT
This section of the report will provide staff comments on the public consultation process around the
Draft Report, the Halifax Tour, the Stabilized Landfill Study and the Addendum Report.
1. Public Consultation on the Draft Report
In the public consultation process, comments were received questioning the adequacy of the EA
process. This is a matter that should be addressed with the Ministry of the Environment The EA
process is a legislated and regulated process developed by the Province. Municipalities follow the
guidelines provided in developing the Terms of Reference for and implementation of the EA study
process with a great deal of scrutiny from the province and the public.
The study criteria, its application and the evaluation methodology are contained in the EA Study
Terms of Reference which was developed through a public consultation process. In addition the
criteria, application and evaluation methodology were verified at the beginning of the step to
evaluate 'Alternatives To' through a further public process. The public process determined that the
criteria and methodology were appropriate.
Technical issues related to substantive issues (nature and fate of contaminants, impact on
diversion, system design and siting assumptions, costs and affordability and consideration of
System 2c) wiii be addressed in the comments on the Addendum Report.
2. Halifax Tour
The tour of the Otter Lake Solid Waste Management Facility indicated that the facility receives
approximately 155,000 tonnes of waste per year which is similar to the amount of waste projected
for WastePlan. There are bans on construction and demolition waste, curbside organics, and
certain recyclable materials and household hazardous waste.
The design of the facility was for a processing retention time of twenty-one days for the organic
faction although the actual retention time is only about sixteen days.
The facility is located in a rural area quite remote from a built up urban area. The landfill and
processing facilities occupy approximately 81 hectares on a site held by the Halifax Regional
Municipality of approximately 2,430 hectares. This site size is much larger than the site size
estimated in the EA Study and extremely larger than the industrial sites revealed in the screening
2
Report on Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives to" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System
August 9, 2007
of industrial lands, where the average site size is 2,3 hectares in Hamilton and 4 hectares in
Niagara.
The nearest residence is about 3 kilometres away and w~h a restriction that no new dug well be
located within 3 kilometres of the landfill, the impacts should be minimal now and in future,
The tour was an example of a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)/stabilized landfill facility with
a similar capacity to that required in WastePlan, however it did not answer the question about the
feasibility of siting a stabilized landfill in an urban/industrial area in the WastePlan study area.
3. Stabilized Landfill Study Final Report
The intent of the stabilized landfill study was to respond to the pUblic consultation comments that a
stabilized landfill might be able to locate in an urbanlindustrialland use setting.
On March 8, 2007 the Joint Working Group received a presentation from Gartner Lee Limited on
the study. There was discussion and questions and the Joint Working Group received the report
and referred ~ to staff along with any comments received for a report back to the Joint Working
Group. A comment was received expressing concems about the lack of depth and completeness
of the review considering there are 200 stabilized landfills, that the degree of stabilization should
be considered in reviewing site size and location and questioning the consultant's (Gartner Lee)
approach to the study.
A number of the study conclusions relate to emissions issues that are addressed in the Addendum
report. The key conclusions related to location and size of a stabilized landfill are:
" a stabilized landfill is an engineered landfill that accepts waste that has been processed
through mechanical and biological treatment processes;
. variation on the biological treatment (composting) time impacts on the characteristics of the
stabilized materials;
. stabilized waste reduces certain nuisance issues such as odours and birds but can
increase wind-blown material if refuse derived fuel is not removed; and
" the assumption in the Draft Report that a stabilized landfill could not likely be located in an
urban/industrial area eannot be refuted or substantiated based on the limited number of
landfills examined and the lack of information on the siting process for those landfills; the
siting of a highly stabilized landfill is possible in a variety of land use settings.
Staff has considered the loeational issue relative to our own geography. The WastePlan study
area is quite different from the sites reviewed in the stabilized landfill. Staff is of the opinion that
there may be opportunities to site a stabilized landfill in an urbanlindustrial setting in Niagara, but
that this is not likely the case in Hamilton,
It is the opinion of staff that Gartner Lee fulfilled the terms of the request for proposals and fulfilled
the tenns of their proposal to Waste Plan. The information obtained from the study provided input
to the WastePlan consultants for the purpose of carrying out the sensitivity analysis in the
Addendum Report and will be discussed in later sections of this report.
4. Addendum Report
This section will focus on the results of the sensitivity analysis and the conclusions and
recommendations from the Addendum Report. The Executive Summary of the Addendum Report
provides a good overview to the full report.
The Addendum Report addresses the following:
" public consultation received on the Draft Report;
" the tour of the Halifax Otter Lake Facility, the Stabilized Landfill Study;
. screening of lands for stabilized iandfill;
3
Report on Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives to" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System
August 9, 2007
. the sensitivity analysis through the application of improved system assumptions;
" long term landfill utilization in Niagara; and
. conclusions and recommendations.
The sensitivity analysis was carried out for the original study assumptions by utilizing a set of
improved assumptions that represent best case systems. The analysis was carried out for the first
level systems identified in the pair wise comparison in the Draft Report, being:
. Mechanical Biological Treatment with Stabilized Landfill (System 1);
" Municipal Solid Waste Landfill with Landfill Gas Recovery (System 3b);
" Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste with Metal Recovery (System 2b); and
" Thermal Treatment of Altemative Fuel (System 2c).
The model used for the analysis of the improved assumptions is different than the model used in
the original assumptions. The original assumptions were evaluated using the Integrated Waste
Management Model (IWM) however it has some limitations around its use with the improved
assumptions. As such the model used in the analysis of the improved assumptions is the
Municipal Solid Waste Decision Support Tool (MSW-DST). This model facilitates direct and
indirect modeling for air and water parameters for all components of the system, which are
parameters that are missing in the IWM model. To ensure a fair and reasonable comparison, the
consulting team has run the original assumptions through the MSW-DST model as well.
A summary of the Comparison of Improved Systems based on the improved assumptions is
included on Table 1 of this Report.
In the relative comparison of the systems, the results indicate that variations on the assumptions
have some, but not significant impact on the ranking of the systems. If all improved assumptions
were considered to have a reasonable probability of occurring, System 2c) Thermal Treatment of
Alternative Fuel would be the preferred system. However if a market for the Refused Derived Fuel
(RDF) does not become available, then System 2b) Thermal Technology with the Recovery of
Metals continues to be the preferred system. In addition if a contract between the Niagara Region
and Niagara Waste Systems Ltd. was to be finalized, System 1 MBT/Stabilized Landfill becomes
more attractive.
The Addendum Report concludes that the original assumptions applied in the evaluation of
"Alternatives To" were conservative and credible. All of the systems have the ability to manage the
residual waste, can meet the provincial regulatory requirements and have representative facilities
located in North America or Europe.
However variables on assumptions are made to test the sensitivity of the original assumptions. In
this case those improved assumptions may be less conservative and represent the best case
analysis of the systems. The nature of these variables raises a number of "what if' questions
which lead to an inconclusive determination surrounding a preferred system. Issues surrounding
the Region's negotiations with Niagara Waste Systems Ltd" securing an industrial user of heat
energy and more secure markets for RDF would facilitate a decision on a preferred system,
It is concluded that it may be appropriate to recess the WastePlan study process to allow for some
of these variables to emerge further.
As such the Addendum Report recommends that:
. The EA Study activity on the Evaluation of "Altematives To" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System be concluded with the retention of Systems 1, 2b) and 2c) remaining for
future consideration, as these three systems have the greater advantages than the landfill
only system 3b) and the outcome varies based on improved but uncertain assumptions;
" If and when the Niagara Region and the City of Hamilton wish to resume the study, a final
preferred system should be selected; and
4
Report on Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives to" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System
August 9, 2007
. If and when the Niagara Region and the City of Hamilton resume the study, an initial public
consultation should be undertaken to determine if community priorities need to be changed
prior to completing the selection of the preferred system.
Staff is satisfied that the Addendum Report has been undertaken appropriately and that the
sensitivity analysis was based on reasonable improved assumptions, atthough some questions
remain. Staff is in agreement with the conclusions and recommendations of the Addendum Report
and this is reflected in the Recommendations section of this report.
With regard to the recess, staff has considered an appropriate period for this before reconvening
the Joint Working Group to determine next steps. Six months seemed short but one year seemed
to be too long. As such we are suggesting a recess of nine months to allow for Niagara to tend to
diversion needs and negotiations with Niagara Waste Services Ltd,
5. 2007 Work Plan and Budget and Consulting Services
On February 22, 2007 the 2007 Work Plan and Budget for the consulting team was presented to
the Joint Working Group by MacViro Consultants Inc. for information. The 2007 budget amount of
$165,000 for the completion of the Evaluation of the "Alternatives To" step of the EA Study was
approved at the April 12, 2007 Joint Working Group meeting. Of this budgeted amount, $10,000
for the review of long term waste quantities will not be undertaken at this time.
The balance of $155,000 was for activities directly related to the evaluation of "Altematives To"
which have been done with the completion of the Addendum Report. The summary of the budget
and estimated expenditures are shown in the following Table 2:
Table 2 - Summary of 2007 Budget and Work Plan and Expenditures
Work Plan Item Budoet Expenditures
Stabilized Landfill Study Participation and Review $15,000 $16,157
(Complete\
Screening of Industrial Lands (Comolete) $30,000 $28,073
SensitivllV Analysis $25,000 $25,000
Addendum Report $45,000 $45,000
ConsultationlMeetinas
Joint Working Group Meetings ($5,000 per $15,000
meeting)
Joint Staff Meetings $40,000
($4,000 per meeting) $20,000
Total $155,000 $149,230
The completion of the Addendum Report and the associated activities will be under budget for
2007.
Recognizing that if the project moves forward in the future, there will be a need for public
consultation around the final selection of a preferred system, the evaluation of the "Altematives To"
relative to the consulting work plan is considered to be complete.
With the recess of nine months, it is considered appropriate to also end the working arrangement
with MacViro Consultants Inc. so that they are free to go about their business planning as
necessary in private industry. The consulting team has been diligent in ensuring that the EA Study
process has been traceable and replicable in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Act
A pOSSible return to the process in the future would require that consulting services would have to
be secured through appropriate purchasing avenues to continue the EA process.
5
Report on Addendum to Draft Report on Evaluation of "Alternatives to" and Selection of a Preferred
Disposal System
August 9, 2007
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, there are circumstances that have changed since the Joint Working Group received
the "Consideration of Substantive Issues Identified by Public on Recommended Long-term
Disposal System, Issues Discussion Paper, March 9, 2006".
The most specific change is the approval of Niagara Waste Systems (Walker Industries)
Environmental Assessment for the expansion of their landfill in the City of Niagara Falls, and the
more recent decision by the Region to negotiate an agreement to utilize this available private
sector landfill capacity.
In conjunction with this the Region indicated that it wished to continue with the WastePlan study.
However there is less urgency for Niagara to proceed with the WastePlan study than there has
been in the past. Niagara wishes to focus over the next months on improving its diversion
programs.
Hamilton is prepared to continue with the WastePlan study, however only if this could proceed in
an expeditious manner that makes efficient use of time and resources. Hamilton is also continuing
to implement diversion programs.
As a result staff has determined that the best approach for both municipalities would be to suspend
the process for a period of time to allow both municipalities to focus on improvements to their
diversion programs. It was also determined that the period of time should be more than six months
but not more than a year to allow for progress on diversion initiatives. Therefore it is considered
appropriate that the study process be suspended for nine months, after which time, the Joint
Working Group would reconvene to consider staff input on how to proceed.
Given the nine month recess and uncertainty as to next steps, it would be appropriate to relieve the
consultants of the remainder of the work plan identified for 2007. WastePlan would then re-issue
an RFPltender in accordance with appropriate purchasing practices for any future services should
the project resume,
The Addendum Report will be posted on the WastePlan website. The website will continue to be
maintained through the recess until a decision is made on the disposition of the EA study process.
PM jO~//
?--- -~
Pat Parker, MCIP, RPP
Manager of Solid Waste Planning
City of Hamilton
Lydia Torbicki
Manager, Waste Policy and Planning
Niagara Region
c.c. Scott Stewart, General Manager of Public Works, City of Hamilton
Barry Friesen, Acting Commissioner of Public Works, Niagara Region
Beth Goodger, Director, Waste Management Division, City of Hamilton
attachment
6
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)0 Waste Incinerators Induce Adverse Respiratory Effects? An Air Quality and Epidemiological Study of Si... Page I of 4
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I Summary
Selected References
Page Browse
PDF (5.0M)
Contents
Archive
Related material:
iP~bMecl related arts...:J
'I;'
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F'ubMed articles by:
Shy. C,
Degnan, D,
Fox, D,
Bromberg. p,
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SC'<1(th
lournal List> Environ Health Perspect > v.l03(7-8); lul-Aug 1995
Environ Health Perspeet 1995 Jul-Aug; 103(7-8}: 714-724.
Copyright notice
Articles
Do Waste Incinerators Induce Adverse Respiratory Effects? An Ail
Quality and Epidemiological Study of Six Communities
Carl M. Shy, Darrah Degnan, Donald L. Fox, Shaibal Mukerjee, Milan J. Hazucha
Brian A. Boehlecke, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Patsy M. Briggs, Robert B. Devlin,
Dennis D. Wallace, Robert K. Stevens, and Philip A. Bromberg
Abstract
The purpose of the study presented here was to simultaneously measure air quality and respiratory
function and symptoms in populations living in the neighborhood of waste incinerators and to
estimate the contribution of incinerator ernissions to the particulate air mass in these neighborhood
We studied the residents ofthree communities having, respectively, a biomedical and a municipal
incinerator, and a liquid hazardous waste-burning industrial furnace. We compared results with !hI
matched-comparison communities. We did not detect differences in concentrations of particulate
matter among any of the three pairs of study communities. Average fine particulate (PM25)
concentrations measured for 35 days varied across study communities from 16 to 32 I!g/mJ. WithiJ
the same community, daily concentrations of fine particulates varied by as much as eightfold, fron
10 to 80 I!g/m3, and were nearly identical within each pair of communities. Direct measurements 0
air quality and estimates based on a chemical mass balance receptor model showed that incineratOl
emissions did not have a major or even a modest impact on routinely monitored air pollutants. A
one-time baseline descriptive survey (n = 6963) did not reveal consistent community differences it
the prevalence of chronic or acute respiratory symptoms between incinerator and comparisou
communities, nor did we see a difference in baseline lung function tests or in the average peak
expiratory flow rate measured over a period of35 days. Based on this analysis of the first year of (
study, we conclude that we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no acute or chronic
respiratory effects associated with residence in any of the three incinerator communities.
Keywords: air pollution, particulate matter, respiratory hypersensitivity, respiratory function tests, respiratory tr
diseases, toxic waste, waste incinerators
Full text
Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF fill,
of the complete article (5.0M), or see the PubMed citation or the full text of some References or
Ittp:llwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid= 1523507
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~ IORDN1O
New and Emerging Technology, Policies and Practices -
Advisory Group Meeting
October 20,2004,6:00 p.m. - 9:45 p.m., City Hall Committee Room #3
Draft Minutes
Attendees:
Citizen Members:
Peter Beisswenger
Elaine Lepage - Co-chair
Lyle Scott
Carman Chisamore
Joy McIntosh
Expert Members:
Phil Byer Francis Chang
Brian Howieson - Co-chair Lambert Otten
Voting Member:
Rob Cook (OWMA)
Official Observers:
Mieke Foster (TDSB)
David Hewitt (CUPE 416)
Sarah Gingrich (TPH)
John Taylor (MOE)
Staff:
Pat Barrett
Lawson Oates
Michelle Carruthers
Brian Van Opstal
Regrets:
Karen Buck
Councillor De Baeremaeker
Geoff Rathbone
Councillor Sandra Bussin
Councillor Jane Pitfield
Steven Zhang
Absent:
Carol Buss
Brad Butt
1.0 Regular Agenda Items
The meeting started at 6:00 p.m.
Approval of Minutes
The September 29 minutes will be reviewed at the next meeting.
New Agenda Items
. Report on the Environmental Roundtable meeting
. Report on AG members' meeting with Gord Perks on the EA consultation model
Correspondence
Michelle Carruthers reported that the Mayor's office forwarded a correspondence about a waste
management company. This company is already on the AG vendor database.
I
Draft
Contacts
Michelle Carruthers said two vcndor calls were forwarded from the Mayor's office, The vendor
information was added to database
Review of Action Items
The following action items have been completed:
~ Michelle Carruthers to send the AG a revised version of the Final Report Table of Contents,
~ Michelle Carruthers to review the draft Final Report once it is compiled and send it to the
AG before the October 20th meeting.
~ Staff to submit the AG Packaging Resolution to the Works Committee, for discussion at the
October 6, 2004 Works Committee meeting.
Information Updates - Lawson Oates
Lawson Oates provided the following information in his update:
Miscellaneous
. The City has introduced simplified procedures for all the Advisory Bodies. (Lawson Oates
gave a copy of the procedures to Brian Howieson)
. The Town of Tweed is not listed on the GAP website. The Town of Tweed should be
encouraged to measure their diversion under GAP, so that realistic comparisons can be made
between municipalities in reporting on waste diversion achievements.
Afichigan
. Toronto was successful in its "certification application" to Michigan's Department of
Environmental Quality. Thus, Toronto can continue to take municipal waste and private
waste to Michigan. City staff submitted the application on September I, 2004 and
subsequently worked with Michigan officials to address Michigan's prohibition of 12
materials from its landfills (e,g. waste oil, beverage containers, radioactive waste, tires,
PCBs). The key test was to identifY an equivalency between's Michigan regulatory
framework and Ontario's regulatory framework in connection with the management of the 12
prohibited materials. In some cases Toronto had to adopt US, State or Federal definitions of
waste materials (e,g. PCB waste) and extend the requirement for all IC&I waste generators
delivering waste to Toronto's transfer stations to have a source separation program in place
(to provide for the recycling of beverage containers) in order to bridge the regulatory gap
between Michigan and Ontario.
. The bridging of the regulatory gap was achieved through the introduction of a new Transfer
Station By-law and an amendment to Toronto's Residential Collection By-law that introduces
a prohibition on the collection of tires. Residents can take their used tires to the Bermondsey
and Ingram Transfer Stations for recycling. Up to 150 kg is allowed per resident.
Commercial loads are accepted at the City's transfer stations for a tipping fee. Commercial
loads are not accepted for disposal, only recycling. The City has a contract with National
Rubber, which is located in the portlands. National Rubber "crumb" thc tires and markets it
for uses such as roadbed materiaL
. The U.S. National Solid Wastes Management Association has challenged Michigan's solid
waste "package" of regulations in the U,S, Appeal Courts, claiming that it is contrary to V.S
2
Draft
Constitution. The U.S. Appeal Court agreed to a 3D-day stay of the legislation (until Octobcr
30,2004). The Court reconvened today but has not made a decision. Historically, Michigan
has not been successful in controlling the flow of waste across its state borders.
The following is a summary of AG discussion:
. Lawson Oates said other GTA municipal governments had been successful in their
applications. Although he understood restrictions existed on any IC&I waste they may
receive.
. Will the new definition of PCBs affect consumers at all? Lawson Oates said the new
definition would likely not affect consumers, since the City collects vcry little PCB waste
from residents, Small quantities are received as Household Hazardous Waste.
. Will there be a lot of dumping of tires as a result of the new by-law? Lawson Oates said the
City has a hotline for residents to report illegal dumping. A number of Councilors raised
concerns about illegal dumping. Solid Waste Management Services will monitor any
noticeable increase in illegal dumping and track any increase in tires received for recycling.
The Environmental Roundtable
. The inaugural meeting ofthe Environmental Roundtable was held on October 19. The
Environmental Roundtable considered the question of the public consultation model for the
EA, at the request of the Works Committee. The Environmental Roundtable endorsed the
memo by Gord Perks and Councilor Fletcher, which advocated a "Halifax" style of
consultation model that supported broad consultation and the achievement of consensus
among stakeholders. The first step would be to form a "Community Consultation Group".
(The memo was distributed to NETPPAG members). Some issues arising out of the memo
included the Community Consultation Group's interface with other stakeholders external to
Toronto and the issue of honorariums.
. There was some discussion of other issues in addition to the public consultation model for the
EA (e,g. tree planting, the Green Bin launch, etc.).
. The next Environmental Roundtable meeting will be held in January.
The following is a summary of AG discussion:
. How much discussion was there about the details of the memo by Gord Perks and Councilor
Fletcher? Lambert Otten said members received the original June 23 staff report and the
August report on the Halifax system prior to the meeting, and the memo by Gord Perks and
Councilor Fletcher at the meeting. The issue was discussed for five minutes. Most members
seemed comfortable voting on the issue. A member of the public said the memo was
presented with a sense of urgency that was fabricated.
. Phil Byer said that on October 6, while the proposal for the Roundtable was being developed
by Gord Perks and Councilor Fletcher, he and Brian Howieson met with Gord Perks and Sue
Cross from Councilor Pitfield's office to hear about and comment on the proposal.
. Phil Byer said the AG should take a position on the Environmental Roundtable's decision on
the Perks/Fletcher memo. Phil Byer offered to write a draft resolution for discussion at the
next meeting. AG members can provide input on the resolution until Monday October 25
2004.
. Was the AG's Solid Waste Diversion Working Group recommendation considcrcd?
Lambert Otten said it was not considered. Phil Byer offered to write another resolution
about creating a Solid Waste Diversion Working Group. A member of the public said a
separate Advisory group should deal with Solid Waste Diversion, rather than a subcommittee
of the Roundtable.
3
Draft
Information Updates - Elaine Lepage
Elaine Lepage provided the following information:
. Elaine Lepage distributed an article about Andrew Beatty, who started Freecycle Toronto.
. Steven Zhang sent a message from China, informing the Co-chairs that he cannot attend the
final AG meetings, Though this does not affect AG quorum, the AG should be informed that
they are losing one voter, A member noted that this means the AG will no longer have an
odd number of voters.
. Toronto Life magazine has published the Toronto Enviro-Guide in its November issue, The
Enviro-Guide discusses how well Toronto is doing with waste management and talks about
Mayor Miller and Works Committee Councilors' performance. A member of the public said
the same issue of Toronto Life contains an article on incineration that would be of interest to
AG members.
. The Works Committee adopted the AG's Packaging Resolution at the October 6, 2004 Worlcs
Committee meeting.
Action Item:
Staff to attach Gord Perks and Councilor Fletcher's memo to the Environmental Roundtable
(dated October 16, 2004) to the minutes.
Action Item:
Phil Byer to write a draft resolution on the EA Consultation Process, for discussion at the next
meeting. AG members can provide input until Monday October 25 2004.
Action Item:
Phil Byer to write a resolution reiterating the AG recommendation regarding a Solid Waste
Diversion Working Group.
2,0 NETPP AG Budget Report and Learning Plan
Budget Report
Lawson Oates provided an update on the NETPPAG's budget. NETPPAG expenses include fees
for expert members, travel and overhead costs and fees for expert research expenses in
connection with the Expert's Report on 100% Diversion. Expert research expenses include
Francis Chang's attendance at a conference on ash utilization in New York, which was integral
to the preparation of the Expert's Report on 100% Diversion. $8000-9000 remains in the
NETPPAG budget. A final report on the budget will be presented by staff at the December 15,
2004 NETPPAG meeting. It was stated that the final budgct does not need the approval of the
Advisory Group.
Learning Plan Update
Brian Howieson described progress on organizing the last two Learning Plan presentations. Tne
presentation on Econorr.ic Cost-Benefit Ar.alysis will be sent to Michelle Carruthers and may
be shortencd because of AG time constraints. Brian Howieson is meeting with Jane Pilot on
October 25 to review her presentation on the Citizen Participatory Model.
An AG member said the AG does not have time to hear the last two presentations, because there
4
Draft
are only five NETPP AG meetings remaining. The AG still has a lot of work to do on the Final
Report, particularly Section Three (Next Steps). Brian Howieson suggested scheduling another
meeting date or adding an additional 30 minutes to each remaining AG meeting. The Co-Chairs
agreed to revisit this issue after the AG discusses the Final Report.
3,0 Halifax Pictures
Brian Van Opstal presentcd pictures from his trip to Halifax waste management facilities. Hc
described various components of the residual waste stabilization process and noted some of the
difficulties Halifax is facing. For example, Halifax's stahilized landfill produces gas and requires
leachate treatment. Halifax is re-evaluating the assumption that their stabilized landfill would
create no odors. The hydrogen sulfate from the landfill is flared off. Also, a leachate collection
system has been added to the site.
A significant problem for Halifax is the presence of plastics in the SSO (source separated
organics) stream. Unlike Toronto's Green Bin program, Halifax's SSO program does allow any
plastic materials in the SSO stream. Even though Halifax employs people to remove plastics
from the SSO stream in the plant, it has a lot of difficulty getting plastics out of the SSO stream
prior to processing. Often, the compost from their SSO plants is taken to the Otter Lake Landfill
facility because it is not marketable.
The following is a summary of AG discussion:
. Stabilization is very expensive. What is the value of the stabilization? Brian Van Opstal
said Halifax' decision to use stabilized landfill was driven by their very negative experience
with a previous landfill sitc. Lawson Oates said Halifax determined through public
consultation that waste's value as a resource for future generations should not be lost and
therefore the goal was to stabilize the organic component and therefore assist in providing an
ability to mine the landfill at a future date. A member noted that stabilized landfill is no
different from other types oflandfill, given Halifax's stabilized landfill still has gas
production and leachate issues. Lawson Oates advised that the Province of Nova Scotia
waived EA requirements for the Otter Lake Landfill facility.
. Were there seagulls visible? Brian Van Opstal said there was no noticeable seagull
presence at the Otter Lake facility, unlike other landfill sites he has visited.
. Is Toronto studying the use of paper bags instead of plastic bags for the Green Bin program?
Brian Van Opstal said Toronto will have to do something to deal with the amount of
contamination in the SSO stream, The use of plastic bags to hold SSO waste is a separate
issue than the problem of general contamination in the SSO stream. Removing other forms
of contamination from the SSO stream is more difficult than removing plastic bags.
4.0 Holland Visit
Elaine Lepage reported on the International Environmental Trade Mission to the Netherlands,
which she attended with Francis Chang in August 2004. The trip's purpose was to study the
Dutch waste management system, The visit involved a tour of all the waste disposal facilities in
Holland, including the Biomass Facility, Orga World, Huisvuilcentrale Alkmaar and the
Industrial Waste Plant. Elaine Lepage described the membership of the delegation as well as the
facilities that were toured. She was particularly impressed with the spirit of cooperation and
concern for the environment that the Dutch demonstrated in their approach to waste management
issues. The Huisvuilcentrale Alkmaar is an incineration plant that was built following a ten-year
public approval process. The community seems to take pride in their facility. A major
5
Draft
architectural firm was involved in the plant's design, Communication with the public is open and
the plant operators encourage stakeholder participation. Environmentalists remain involved in
consultation around plant issues. Because of the incineration plant, the community gets energy
output and tax reductions.
Francis Chang talked about incineration in Holland. He showed some pictures of the plant he
and Elaine visited, and described the incineration process. He distributed a brochure about the
plant. The Dutch incineration plant was closc to achieving 100% diversion becausc it achieved a
98% usage rate of the ash from the incineration process, He noted that the Dutch are using "old
technology" incinerators in some cases, but are constantly tweaking the technology to improve
emissions.
Francis Chang also describcd his attendance at a conference on ash utilization in New York. At
the conference, he learned that similar ash utilization rates have not been achieved in North
America as they have in the Netherlands. Primarily because of North Americans' perceptions of
incineration, no incinerators have been built in North America since 1995. Landfill restrictions
have been reduced and the U.S. has become a dumping ground for waste, Lobbying from
industry selling products that would compete with incinerator ash has helped maintain restrictions
on ash utilization in North America.
The following is a summary of AG discussion:
. What is the Dutch incinerator's feedstock? Francis Chang said the feedstock is municipal
residual solid waste (i.e. waste after recycling).
. Was there any independent verification of the information presented by the Dutch waste
management facilities? James Sbrolla, from EBC (Environmental Business Consultants),
said the waste management facilities enjoy community buy-in. The tour was attended by
Dutch government officials.
. James Sbrolla invited members to attend an environmental technologies workshop on
November 16, organized by EBC. He also invited the City of Toronto to sponsor the event
The workshop will present a report on the International Environmental Trade Mission to the
Netherlands.
Action Item:
Miehelle Carruthers will forward James Sbrolla's invitation to the environmental technologies
workshop on November 16, organized by EBC.
5,0 Update on 100% Diversion Question
Elaine Lepage presented a summary of the Draft Expert Report on 100% Diversion. She
outlined the report's assumptions, scope, and approach. Her presentation included a discussion of
residual waste processing operations considered and residual waste processing system scenarios,
A G members will receive a copy ofthe draft report via email.
The following is a summary of AG discussion:
. Viewing the slide on residual waste processing system scenarios, a member asked where the
numbers come from, Elaine Lepage said thc numbers come from Brian Van Opstai's waste
audit.
. Members asked whether numbers provided will be substantiated or referenced. Expert
members said references will be provided wherever possible. Brian Van Opstal said the
Expert Report includes a summary of the world of waste management. It is very time-
6
Draft
consuming to substantiate a lot of the data provided. The report should be seen as a
document for discussion. The City and Expert members do not have the resources to create a
reference document. Somc ofthe information provided comes out of the expert members'
years of experience and specific reports cannot be referenced for that kind of information,
Phil Byer said the Expert's Report may be used by the City and others during the EA process
after the NETPPAG's mandate ends, and is therefore important. This means that a certain
level of detail and substantiation is necessary. For example Table 4 lists technologies but is
missing some basic assumptions about the technologies. It must be possible to understand
how the numbers were arrived at when reading the report. Brian Van Opstal said the text
accompanying the tables will provide a lot ofthis detail. Francis Chang said the report
includes many references, though everything is not referenced.
. A member expressed concern over Lambert Otten's comments that the numbers presented
in the report are optimistic. The pessimistic side of the numbers shonld also be presented.
The risk is that this report will get into a political environment and be used to justify
optimism and inaction about the residual waste stream, Perhaps a range of numbers can be
presented. The expert members said it is not possible to present a range. There is only a
small range of variation in the numbers. The conclusions or final numbers cannot be changed
unless the assumptions are changed.
Action Item:
Michelle Carruthers to forward the Draft Expert Report on 100% Diversion to AG members.
6.0 Final Report - Overview
The AG discussed the Draft Final Report.
. Any material in Section 3 that does not describe "Next Steps" should be moved to Section 2,
There may be some duplication of material in Sections 2 and 3.
. Members agreed to remove section 1.6.5.2 (updates from TDSB, ABCD, etc.)
. Mieke Foster will provide wordsmithing services on Section I, after Michelle Carruthers
has edited the content.
. Members agreed that the report should not include any reference to AG's disappointment
about lack of attendance by City Councilors who were AG members.
. Brian Howieson asked Brian Van Opstal to prepare a small section on Toronto's waste
audits.
. Members agreed to change the title of Objective Two to 60/40 split (Section 1.2.2).
Action Item:
AG members to send their write-ups to Michelle Carruthers by October 22, 2004.
Action Item:
Michelle Carruthers to review the draft Final Report after AG members make their submissions
to (I) fill in information that is missing, and (2) make adjustments as required,
Action Item:
lViicheiie Carruthers tu send the revised draft Final Report to AG members by October 25 2004.
7,0 Next Meeting Dates and Future Agendas:
7
Draft
Wednesday October 27th at 6:00 pm, Metro Hall Room # 303
The meeting ended at 9:45 p.m.
8
~f
Articles
Inhalation of Diesel Engine Exhaust Affects Spermatogenesis in Growing
Male Rats
Nobue Watanabe' andYojiOonuki2
1Department of Environmental Health. Tokyo Metropolitan Research laboratory of Public Health, Tokyo. Japan; 2fokyo Research
Institute. Seikagaku Co. Ltd.. Tokyo. Japan
Weconductea experiments to determinewhetber diesel engine exhaust affects reproducth'c
endol;:rine.funcrioningrowing rats.. The nits \-vcreassigned to three groups: a group exposed to
total diesel engine exhau~t containing 5.63 mg/mJ particulate matter, 4.10 ppm nitrogen dioxide.
and 8, 10 ppm nitrogen oxide, a group exposed to filtered exhaun without paniculate matter; and
a group exposedtodeariair~ Dosing experiments were performed for 3 months beginning at
birth (6 hr/day for 5 dars/week), Serum Ic\,els of testosterone and estradiol were significantly
higher in animaIs exposed to total diesel exhaust andfihered exhaust (p < 0.0; for each group) as
compared to the controls; FolHcle~stimulating hormone was significantly decreased in the m'o
groups exposed todieselexhaust as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Luteinizing hor~
mone wassigniGeandydecreased in the total exha1ist~aposed group as compared to the control
and filtered groups (p<' 0.05); Although testis weight did not show any significant difference
among ,the groups, sperm, production and activity of testicular hyaluronidase were significandy
reduced inbothexha.i.1st~,exposedgroups as compared to the control group; Histological examina-
tion showed decreased numbers of step 18 and 19 spermatid~ in stage VI, VII, and VIII tubules
in the testes ofbothdjeselexhaust~exposed groups. ThiHtudy suggests that diesel exhaust stimu~
lates, hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex, depresses gonadotropin-releasing-hormone, and
inhibits spermatogenesis in, rats. Because tbese effects ';vere not inhibited by filtration, the gaseous
phase of the exhauuapPears to be, more responsible than particulate matter for disrupting the
endocrine system., Key 'words: diesel exhaust. eSlratHol. follicle-stimulating hormone,
h_yali!-i:onida:se~Juteinizjng hormone,quantitative morphometl}",' rats, spermatOgenesis, testiculat
toxicity, testosterone: Environ ifealth PeTspect'107:S39~544 (1999). [Online 2 June 1999]
bttp://ehpjut1.'liehs.'Jih.gov/d()(sIJ999/107p539~544U'atariabe/abstriut.hnnl
Diesel exhaust emission comprises thousands
of chemical components. including nitrogen
oxide, dioxinlike compounds, and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (1-3). Althongh ir
has been hypothesized that such chemicals
may contribute directly or indirectly to dir
ordets of the reproductive tract (4-6). clu:re
have been few biological smdies of endocrine
disruption by diesel engine exhaust.
The inhalation of diesel engine exhaust
has been reponed to increase bone mass in
the lumbar vencbrae due to a decrease: in
bone resorption in growing rats (i). The
long-term inhalation of diesel exhaust dis-
turbed the increase of bone mass, changed
bone strucrwe. and resulted in fragile bones
(8). It is generally agreed tlur estrogen levels
are associated with bone density in females
(9,l~. and adtenal androgen has also been
recognized as a factor in accumulating and
maintaining bone density (I1-18). Recendy.
clinical findings (I9.2~ and experimental
investigations using estrogen receptor knock-
our (ERKO) mice (21) have indicared tlut
estrogen plays crucial roles in both sexes.
ERKO males and females are infertile and
show lower bone density by 2(;-25% rhan
wild-type mice (21). These findings SlrOngly
suggest that inhalation of diesel exhaust
might affect bone metabolism through
changes of reproductive endocrine functions.
The present study was undenaken to
determine the effects of diesel exhaust on
reproductive endocrine functions by mea-
suring testoS[crone. estrogen. luteinizing
hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone
in male rats exposed to diesel exhaust.
Daily sperm production, hyaluronidase
activities. and histological changes in the
testis were examined as markers of repro-
ductive toxicity. The effi:crs of total exhaust
versus control, filtered exhaust versus con-
nol, and total exhaust versus filtered
exhaust were also compared in order to
daruy rhe type of agent tlut affects repro-
ductive endocrine functions.
Materials and Mathods
Animsls. Rats used in the experiment were
derived from 24 pregnam female Fischer
rats (B44/DuCrj) purchased from Charles
River Japan (Kanagawa. Japan). On arrival.
they were maintained in a dean room l!f1ti1
3 days before the expected ddiverv. The
dea";' room was mai~tained at 24':l: ZOC
and 55 . 5% humidity.
On the 19th day of pregnancy, the
female rats. six rats for each group. were
divided into three groups and placed in sep-
arate inhalation chambers. The pwpose of
transfer from the dean room to the inhala-
tion chamber on the 19rh day of pregnancy
Environmental Health PerspectNes . Volume 107. Number 7.JuJy 1999
before their delivery was to assimilate the
mother ca[S to the new environment and
avoid clu: possibility of cannibalism.
Liner sizes ranged from 9 to Ii pups.
The number of animals and me sex ratio of
litters in the total group. mured group. and
control group were 76 (male:female =
36:40). 76 (36:40). and 74 (35:39). respec-
tively. The young rats were weaned at 2]
days of age. At the same time, the young
rats were divided into groups of males and
females; male rats were randomly assigned
to groups of six housed in a single cage.
The treatment and care of the rats was
under an approved protocol of the Animal
Care and Use Committee of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Research Laboratory of
Public Health in a f.1cility approved by the
Japan Association for Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care.
Experimental design. Animals were
assigned to three groups: Group 1 was
exposed to total diesel engine exhaust (,otal
exhaust); Group 2 was exposed to fIltered
exhaust wirhout panicles (filtered exhaust);
and Group 3 was exposed to clean air (con-
no1). Each group of animals was maintained
in an inhalation chamber (1.6 m3) at 24 .
ZOC and 55 . 5% humidity on a 12 hr
light: 12 hr dark illumination schedule. The
diet was standard rat chow containing
1.03% calcium. 0.70% phosphorus. and
200 IU vitamin DilOOg (MF, Oriental
Yeast Co. Ltd, Tokyo. Japan). All animals
were: allowed free access to food. and water.
Exposures began at binh and continued to 3
months of age. The exposwe period was 6
hr daily. 5 days/week. Six male rats were
sdected at random from each group for
srudy at 90 days of age~ At the end of rhe
experiment~ body weights were measured
and blood samples were coDected. &om the
abdominal aorta under ether anesthesia.
After clu: animals were killed by exsanguina-
uon, testes were removed and weighed.
Generlluon of diesel exhaust. Diesel
engine exhaust was generated by running a
309-cc engine (Model NFAD50; Yanmar
Addtess correspondence to N. Watanabe,
Department of Environmental Health, Tokyo
Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Heallh.
24-1 Hyakunincho 3 chome. Shinjuku-ku. Tokyo
169. Japan. Tdephonc: (81) l-3363-3231. Fax: (81)
3-3368-4060. E-mail::nobuew@tokyo-eikcn_gn.jp
Received 9 November 1998; accepred 19 March
1999,
539
Articles: . Watanabe and Oonuki
Diesel Co., Osaka, Japan) ar 2,400 revolu-
(ions per minute. Exhaust was diluted with
dean air in a dilution mnnel and then
drawn into the inhalation chamber (5.63
mglm3 particulate marrer, 4.10 ppm nitro~
gen dioxide, 8.10 ppm nitrogen oxide). For
the filtered group, most of rhe diesel soot
particles in whole exhaust were removed by
high-efficiency particulate air (HEP A) fil-
rration (ATM 3QA; Nippon Muki Co.,
Tokyo, Japan). After filtration, 99.9998%
of particles larget than 0.05 Jlffi were elimi-
nated. Ventilation was maintained by 15 air
exchanges/hour. Concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide and nitrogen monoxide were con-
tinuously monitored with a chemilumines-
cent analyzer (Model 8440; Monitor Labs
Co., San Diego, CA). Gravimetric measure-
menu of the particulate matter were con-
ducted daily using an automatic heta-ray
dust-mass monitor (Model BAM-I02;
Shibata Scienrific Technology Co,. Tokyo,
Japan). Measurement of particle sizes with a
panicle fractionating sampler (Andersen
Type low pressure impactor LP-20; Tokyo
Dylec Co., Tokyo, Japan) confirmed thar
more than 90% of the panicu.lare matter in
the diesel exhaust was smaller than 0.5 Jlffi,
Serum hormonal ilSsay. Serum testos-
terone and estradiol levels were determined
using En'-J'llle Immunoassay Kits (Cayman
Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). Serum levels of
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stim-
ulating hormone (FSH) were determined
using a rat LH enzyme immunoassay system
and a rat FSH enzyme immunoassay system
(Amersham, Buckingh.rmhire, England),
respectively.
D4ily sperm proJ.MCtion. Daily sperm
production in the tight restis was rlerermined
by counting homogenization-resistant sper-
matids, using the techniqurs of Sharpe et aI.
(22,23). Briefly, each right restis was fixed in
] 0% neurral formalin until it was analyzed
for daily sperm production. The testis was
weighed again. Two 50-mg portions of tes-
ticular tissue were cut, weighed, and homog-
enized separately in 5m1 of 0.15 M NaC!,
0.05% Triron X-loo. using a homogenizer.
Homogenization-resistant step 18 and 19
spennatids were counted separately using a
hemocytometer in three aliquors of each of
the two homogenates per sample. and the
mean of the six measurements was calculat-
ed. This value was corrected for sample
weight and overall testis weight, and trans-
formed to the daily sperm production by
dividing by the appropriate time divisor,
according to Leblond and Clermont (24),
HyaluTonid4te assay. For enzyme
assays, "nonanchored" fractions containing
nonmembrane-band hyaluronidase and
"anchored" fractions containing hyalur-
onidase, which is presem on the plasma
540
membrane of sperm and enables sperm to
penetrate the cumulus barriet, were extracted
from each lefr restis according to the method
ofLin et at. (25). The protein oonrenrs in the
nonanchored and anchored fractions were
quantified according to the method of Lowry
er aI. (26), and the fractions were adjusted to
adequate concenuanons for me enzyme assay
with 0,1 M phosphare buffer, pH 7.0, con-
tainingO.15 M NaC!.
Hyaluronidase activity was measured
by quantification of increasing N-aceryl-
glucosamine residue at the reducing end of
hyaluronic acid, which was liberated by
the enzyme. Substrate solution was 1 %
hyaluronic acid solution. Standard solution
was 0.24 J1mollml N-acetylglucosamine
solurion. Sample solution or phosphate
buffer (I 00 ~l) was placed into the rube,
which was in ice, and 200 fIl of substrate
solution or standard solution was added.
Aftet mixing thoroughly, the reaction mix-
ture was incubated. at 37"<: for 10 min. The
tubes were then placed in a boiling water
bath for 5 min and cooled in ice. After
adding 100 ~l 5% K2B407 ' 7H20, the
tubes were boiled for 7 min and cooled.
Next, 1.5 mil % ?<limethylaminobenzalrk-
hyde acetic acid solution containing 1.25%
HC! was added to each rube and the rubes
were again incubated at 370C for 20 min.
The absorbance at 585 om of the supet-
natant fluid was determined and reducing
end N-acerylglucosamine was measuted.
One enzyme unit (ECU) was defined as the
liberation of I }lffiol of the reducing end; We
also measured Nacerylglucosarnine residue
rele2Sed from substrate per minute.
Morpho/ogk and m.mu.ohistodtemical
eramiutions. The right testis from each
male rat was fixed in 10% neutral buffered
formalin, embedded in paraffm, sectioned at
4 p.m. and stained with hematoxylin-eosin
and Periodic Acid Schiff for lighr micro-
scopy. Immunohistochemical analysis of
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
was performed using a PCNA kit (NCL-
PCNA-Paraffin; DAKO, C.rpintera, CA)
on serial sections alternating with those
used for the histological examinations.
Slides included with the kit were used as a
positive control.
We performed quantitative evaluation of
spermarogenic cells in seminiferous tubules
blindly using the simplified morphological
merhod described by Matsui et al. (27).
Precise observation of the cycle of spermato-
genesis with the morphometric approach is
needed when only minimal changes are
detected by histopathological enminacion,
and it aids in the investigarion of the nature
of spermatOgenic lesions. Briefly, a total of
five seminiferous tubules exhibiting round
shape per animal were randomly selected for
each s!age (s!age II-III, V, VII, and XII) of
the spermatogenic cycle, and the numbers of
seminiferous epithelia were counted. In
accordance with the criteria of Leblond and
Clermont (24), we were able to disringuish
the following spermatogenic cell types: spet-
matogonia. prdeptotene spermatocytes,
zygmcne spermarocyres, pachytene sperma-
tocytes, and round spermatids. The data
were expressed as the numbers of spermato-
genic cells per Serroli cell per seminiferous
tubule cross section.
St8Jistkal analyses. AU reported values
were expressed as means :!: standard devia-
tions (SD). One-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's test was
used among three groups. The statistical
significance comparing testis weight, epi-
didymis weight, relative weight, the levels
of serum hormones, sperm production,
hyaluronidase activity, and the number of
spermarocyres between any two groups was
TBIde,. Serum testosterone. estradiol, foRicle-stimulaOOg hormone, and luteinizing honnone in growing rats.
Hormone
Testosterone Ipg/ml!
Est.radio! (pnJml!
Follicle-stimulating hormone lng/mil
Luteinizing hormone lng/mil
Total exhaust
1.049:t 372"
27:1:8*
206.56'
8:t1*."*
Filtered exhaust
1,0651:236"
26:!:-12"
Z36:t47*
12.1;2
Cootrol
604:t237
15:t4
299:t48
12:t3
Values are expressed as means:t standard deviations of six rats.
"Different from controt p< 0.05. -Different from littered edtaust; p < 0.05.
Ta... Z. BodV weights. organ weights, and relative weights of right testis and epididymis in male rats
exposed to diesel exhaust.
r'l1easur6S Total exhaust Fiiiered exhaust Control
Bod'l waight {g) 275j:19 29th11 279:i:10
Testis weight lmgt 1.505.61 1,534.48 1,466.56
Relative testis weight 5.49:!:0.26 5.3:1::0.14 5.32:10.34
{mg/g body weight!
Epididymis weight Imgl 467:!: 17 468:1 13 470:t23
Relative epididymis weight 1.7:!:0.1 1.6t :to.04 1.69>0.1
{mg/g body weight!
Values are expressed as means:t standard deviatiOIlS of six rats.
Volume 107. Number 7, July 1999 . Environmental Health Perspedives
determined with Student's Hcst. p-Values
< 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Serum levels of reproductive hormones.
Serum levels of testosterone and esuadiol
were significantly higher in animaJs exposed
to total diesel exhaust and filtered exhaust
(p < 0.05) than in controls (fable I).
FSH was significantly decreased in the
two groups exposed to dieSel exhaust as
compared to the coottol group (p < 0.05).
LH was significantly decreased in the total
exhaust exposed-group as compared to the
control group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of
LH were also significantly different
berween the two groups exposed to diesel
exhaust (p < 0.05) (fable I).
Body weights. organ weights, and sperm
parameters. The parameters of body
weight, right-testis weight, epididymis
weight, and relative weight did not show
any significant difference among the
groups (fable 2).
By external appearance, the testes from
the control and exhaust-exposed animals
were indistinguishable. Male reproductive
organs, including accessory sex organs,
developed fully, and no structutal malfor-
mations were detected in exposed animals.
Sperm production was significantly
decreased in both groups exposed to diesel
exhaust (p < 0.01 and p < 0,05 for total and
filtered exhaust, respectively) as compared
(0 rats exposed to dean air (Figure 1).
The specific activity of a testicular
enzyme associated with postmeiotic sper-
matogenic ceHs, anchored hyaluronidase,
was lower in the diesel exhaust-exposed rats
than in the controls (p < 0.05) (Figwe 2).
The left testis weight and relative testis
weight did not sbow any significant differ-
ence among the groups.
Morphologic and immurwhistochnnkaJ
examinations. Histological examination
showed decreased numbers of step 18 and
step 19 spermatid. in ...ge VI, VII, and VIII
tubules and increased numbers of degenerat-
ed cells intermediate in development
between spermatocyres and terminal stage
spermatids in the seminiferous lumen of
diesel exhaust-exposed animals. No temark-
able histopathological changes were observed
in Leydig or Serroli ceUs (Figure 3).
Immunohistochemical examination
showed a..'l increased number of seminifer-
ous tubules in Stage II with decreased num-
bers ofPCNA-posirive cells (Figwe 4),
Sperm morphological examinations
revealed that the numbers of round sper-
matids in stages II-Ill, V, and VII were sig-
nificantly decreased in the diesel exhaust-
exposed rats as compared to connols
(Figure 5). The numbers of spermatogonia
figure 1. Daily sperm production (means :l: stan-
dard deviations' in rats exposed to total diesel
exhaust or filtered exhaust or in controls.
"'p< D.ll5 and.....p <D.01, as compared tD controls.
and pachytene spermatocytesin stages
II-III were also significantly decteased in
the diesel exhaust-exposed rats as compared
to controls. The numbers of pachytene
spermatocytes in stage VII were significant-
ly decreased in the diesel exhaust-exposed
rats as compared to the controls (p < 0.05
and p < 0.01 for [Oral and filtered exhaust,
respectively).
In stage XII, the number of spermato-
gonia of both exhaust-exposed groups was
decreased (p < 0.05; Figure 5). The num-
bers of zygotene and pachytene spermato-
cyres in the filtered diesel exhaust-exposed
group were decreased as compared to the
control group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 for
zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes,
respectively). The number of zygotene and
pachytene spermatocytes in the filtered
diesel exhaust -exposed group was aJso sig-
nificantly lower than in the total exhaust
exposed-group (p < 0.01).
Quantitative evaluation of the popula-
tions of Senoli cells in each stage showed
no differences among three groups.
Discussion
This study dearly demonstrated. that inhala-
tion of diesel engine exhaust increased serum
teStosterone and estradiol and reduced serum
FSH in growing rats. Spennatogenesis in the
testis was defective in both exhaust-exposed
groups. aJthough testis weight and the ratio
of testis weight to body weight did not differ
among the three groups.
Becmse elimination of the particulate
matter by filtration did not seriously influ-
ence the results, it appears that the gaseous
phase of the exhaust contains agents that
are responsible for disruption of reproduc-
tive endocrine function. The gaseous phase
of diesel engine exhaust includes several
agents that may affect endocrine functions.
One is niuogen oxide (28.251). Nitrogen
Environmental Health Perspectives ' Volume 107. Number 7. July 1999
Total
exhaust
Fj~ered
exhaust
Control
Figure 2. Hyaluronidase activity of anchored and
nonanchored fraction (means :t standard devia.
tions) in testes of rats exposed to total diesel
exhaust or filtered exhaust or in control animals.
ECU. enzyme unit
"'p < 0.05 as compared to controls.
oxide is not only inhaled, but is also syn-
thesized endogenously via a biochemical
reaction-dependent process, especially in
the sites of inflammation caused by nitro-
gen dioxide (30-35). Nitrogen oxide is
known to be involved in the regulation of
endocrine processes such as hypothalam-
ic-piruitary-adrenal and -gonadal axis
functions (36-42).
Sperm production and hyaluronidase
activity. one of the biochemical markers for
testicular toxicity (4~45J. were reduced in
the diesel exhaust-exposed rats. Serum FSH
levels were reduced as well. These dements
indicate that testicular function was sup-
pressed by the inhalation of diesel exhaust.
However, the inhalation did not cause tes-
ticular weight loss. Therefore. increased
serum levels of testosterone and estrogen
were not derived from reproductive organs
stimulated by gonadotropin.releasing hor-
mone in the anterior pituitary, but instead
seemed to be induced by increased secretion
from the adrenal cortex. Although serum
levels of adrenal androgen were not mea-
sured directly, there is some evidence that
indicates elevated adrenal androgen secre.
tion. The average weight of the adrenal
gland in the exhaused-exposed groups was
larger than that in the conrrol group in
males and females after a 3-month exposure
from birth (46). Urinary excretion of 17-
ketosteroids, which are among the metabo-
lites of androgens from the adrenal cortex
and sexual glands (47,48), was markedly
elevated in female rats exposed to diesel
exbausr (46).
While the adrenal COrtex has tradition-
ally been considered to be principally con-
rroHed by adrenocorticotrophin, there is
541
Articles . Watanabe and Oonuki
now increasing morphological and func-
tional evidence for neural control of such
functions as steroidogenesis. compensatory
adrenal growth, and adrenal blood flow.
The nitrogen oxide synthase-positive fibers
found in the varicose plexus in the zona
glomerulosa may therefore imply that
nitrogen oxide in this region of the cortex
exerts its effect on either one or a combina-
tion of the above activities (49).
As for adrenal androgens. dehy.
droepiandrosterone sulfate and dehy-
droepiandrosterone are not directly associ-
ated with the developmem of reproductive
organs :rnd sexual maturity. These adrenal
FigUl'83. Morphologv of seminiferous tubules lstained with hematoxylin and eosin' including different stages. (A) Control tubules Ix 66). ($ Seminiferous tubules kom
total exhaust-exposed animals Ix 66r. there are decreased numbers of step 18 and 19 spermatids in stages VI, VII. and VIII tubules. (Q Seminiferous tubules from total
exhaust.exposed animals Ix 132 ); there are fewer matured spennatids in the lumens of tubules. (0) Seminiferous tubules from total exhaust-exposed animals (x 661;
note increased numbers of degenerated cells intermediate in development between spermatocytes and terminal stage spennatids in the seminjferolls IlDllen.
f~
Fig.,. 4. Seminiferous tubules in stage II stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (peNAl_lAl from control animals. (m From animals eXllosed to total diesel
exhaust. Note the decreased number of PCNA-positive cells Ix 1321.
542
Volume 107. Number7-July 1999. Environmental Health Perspectives
androgens are converted to testosterone
and estrogen byaromatization (50,51).
The increased serum levels of testosterone
observed in both diesel~exposed groups
did not seem to contribute to the growth
of the testis. Rather~ increased serum lev-
els of tes(Qsterone may depress gonado-
tropic hormones, LH and FSH, that are
needed for maintaining normal testicular
function (52-54).
It is reasonable to assume that the
increased secretion of testosterone and estr0-
gen from the adrenal cortex stimulated
directly or indirectly by diesel exhaust
caused a negative feedback. effect on
gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the
pituitary gland and depressed spermatogene-
sis in the testis shortly after sexual maturity.
This study provides evidence that inhal-
ing diesel engine exhaust causes changes in
the levels of reproductive hormones and
leads to reduction of spermatogenesis in
growing rats. This does not nec:essarily indi-
cate that the altered levels of reproductive
hormones detected in these experiments con-
tinue in the same way during a long-term
exposure (~. The response of reproductive
endocrine organs to chemicals depends on
the growth stage of the subject animal.
If diesel exhaust were inhaled through-
out gestation and neonatal life, male
~
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Articles . Diesel exhaust affects spermatoqenesis in rats
reproductive function might be impaired
by disruption of the development of sex
organs because the male reproductive sys-
tem may be particularly susceptible to
toxic insult during the gestation period, as
has been observed in the case of dioxin
exposure (55-58).
Further studies are necessary [0 clarify
the mechanisms of action of various chemi-
cal components in diesel exhaust. The
diesel exhaust paniculate and gaseous phase
concenttations used in this report were
60-100 times higher than those found in
the average urban Mea. Experiments with
lower dose exposure will also be necessary
to provide reasonable estimates of the
human risks of exposure to diesel exhaust.
REfBlENCES AND NDns
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4_ Kavlock RJ, Oaston GP, DeRosa C, Fenner-Crisp P,
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~
"
~
=
S
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o
.
"
Q
'"
"" 4
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o 3
'E
Q
=
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1;
E
.
~
"0
Sla~eVII
Sne,mato~onio Preloeptotane Pacllytera Round
spermotoC\~e spermatoc\"te spennalid
T
~ 4!
D
=
S
..
u 3
...",~~,-."
T
~
.
~
..
o
"
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~
o
;;
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Q
~
~ 0
Sperm~1Cyon;a
2;'gotene
spermatocyte
P.dlVlena
SDef;\1alocyre
Figure 5. Numbers of spermatogenic cells per SeltOli cell in seminiferous tubules (means i: standard devj.
ations) of rats eKposed to total diesel exhaust or filtered exhaust orin control animals.
"'p< 0.05, ......p< 0.01, alld 'p< 0.001 as compared ro controls. #lp< 0.01 as compared to the total exhaust-exposed group.
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11. Orwol ES. Klein RF. Osteoporosis in men. Endocrine
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13. Nawata H, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, TakayanaQi R, Sakai
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Volume 107. Number 7. July 1999 . Environmental Health Perspectives
L~e Ontario Waterkeeper
.
L.W
LAKE ONTARIO
WATERKEEPER
home I who we dl'e
Page 1 of2
pfojects i suppDrt us I 'Nee!dy feature ! r~EWI,fS!'corn i comrnunity ! about this sfte
Stabilized landfill studied
by Mallhew Van Dongen, The Standard
April 13, 2007
@!13l
It wouldn't reek like a regular landfill. This particular pile of trash would spit out less garbage juice,
too, and create very lillle greenhouse gas in the bargain,
A stabilized landfill is greener than a typical landfill, says a new consultant's report, but local
politicians must decide for themselves if the allemative tops incineration as a long-term plan for
regional trash.
"I think this looks like an excellent option to consider," said St. Catharines Regional Coun. Judy
Casselman, after a committee of Hamilton and Niagara politicians met Thursday to discuss the
study. "But (the study) only compares stabilized landfills to other landfills. It doesn1 give any
comparisons to incineration.
"I guess we'll have to draw our own conclusions on that",
The study was commissioned in 2006 after a different consultant recommended Hamilton and
Niagara partner to build an energy-from-waste incinerator.
Incineration was named the committee's preferred option, but public lobbying convinced
councillors to investigate a second plan,
Councillors from both cities will now debate the alternatives at a meeting in Stoney Creek May 10,
after staff reviews the latest study.
The study from Garbler I.ee looked at stabilized landfills in Canada and Italy.
The more environmentally friendly landfill - first used in Canada in Halifax - requires pre-
processing of incoming waste, including:
splitting bags and mechanically sifting out recyclables.
shredding the remaining waste into tiny pieces.
composting to remove organic material.
drying and further screening, with the potential to remove additional paper or plastic for
incineration.
The end result can reduce the amount of garbage landfilled by 20 to 40 per cent, said consultant
Frank Barone. Removing organic material also dramatically reduces landfill gas, leaching
contaminated waleI' and, by extension, odour.
But Barone noted different levels of screening and processing create varying levels of odour and
also affect how much garbage ultimately goes into the landfill.
In Europe, stabilized landfills often screen out extra material for incineration.
By contrast, the facility in Halifax landfills more material and produces more gas, but doesn't
incinerate.
nttp:/ /www.waterkeeper.ca/content/ other/stabilized _landfill_ studied.php
s,.,cO II
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Page 2 of2
The consultants said a stabilized landfill should produce less odour than a regular landfill, but they
wouldn't comment on whether it could be safely built in an industrial area or urban area.
"That assumption could be neither supported nor refuted by the data collected by this study,"
Barone said.
That disappointed Dave Hart Dyke, a member of Hamilton's waste reduction task force. "That's
sort of the major question some of us have left to answer," said Hart Dyke,
"Can this thing be a good neighbour? If it can, that may change opinions about what our preferred
alternative really is."
cc:':nrncct~3
Comment by r~ti[ed_GTA NQnpensiQned Councillor on Ap1i118, 2007 12:58 AM
When We Read ConsuRants reported yesterday that stabilized landfill is common in Europe, and most successful when residual paper and
plastic scraps are separated and burned either in an incinerator or cement kiln.
No Paper recycling?
Europe has deignations for All types of plastic with special Symbols
so what facilites in Europe doing what they say above?
pc;:. t a :~ C P" "11 Cl t
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Diesel Exhaust in Toronto
Appendix - Properties of Diesel Emissions
A fact sheet prepared by ToxProbe
Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of gases and fine particles that are emitted by internal
combustion engines using diesel oil as fuel, The gaseous component of diesel exhaust is
similar to the combustion products of other fuels. Although the adverse effects of diesel
emissions are due both to the gaseous and particulate components, the toxicity of diesel
exhaust is often expressed in relation to its particulate component. Several agencies have
classified diesel exhaust as a carcinogen.
In North America, the diesel engine is used mainly in trucks, buses, agricultural and other off-
road equipment, locomotives, and ships. The chief advantages of the diesel engine over the
gasoline engine are its fuel economy and durability. Diesel engines, however, emit more
particulate matter per mile driven compared with gasoline engines of a similar weight class.
Over the past decade, modifications of diesel engine components have substantially reduced
particle emissions.
Appendix A refers to diesel exhaust only, and not to diesel fuel oil, which also needs to be
considered when estimating the risk from the use of diesel vehicles and other diesel engines.
Physico-Chemical Properties
Complete and incomplete combustion of fuel in diesel engines results in a complex mixture of
gases and particles composed of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds. The physical
and chemical characteristics of diesel exhaust are dependent on many factors such as the
composition of the fuel, the characteristics of the engine and the conditions under which the
diesel is burned. This section provides an overview of the different components of diesel
exhaust. Table A 1 lists the major constituents of diesel exhaust.
There are several toxic gaseous components in diesel exhaust. The primary one is
formaldehyde, which makes up 65%-80% of the aldehyde emissions. The other main
aldehydes present are acetaldehyde and acrolein. The gaseous portion also includes benzene,
1,3-butadiene, carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitro-PAHs. Dioxin
compounds have also been detected in trace quantities. Dioxins from diesel exhaust account
for 1.2% of total annual dioxin emissions in the US.
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is the particle-phase of substances emitted in diesel exhaust. It
refers to both the primarl emissions and the secondary particles that are formed by
atmospheric processes. Primary diesel particles are considered fresh after being emitted and
undergo ageing (oxidation, nitration, or other chemical and physical changes) in the
atmosphere.
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Table A1. Percent Composition (by weight) of light-duty diesel engine exhaust
(IPCS, 1996)
Pollutant
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrogen
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphates
Aldehydes
Ammonia
Particles
Percent Com osition
7.1
2.6
15.0
75.2
0.03
0.0007
0,03
0.002
0.01
0.00016
0.0014
0.00005
0.006
Diesel exhaust particles are aggregates of primary spherical particles that consist of solid
carbonaceous material and ash with associated adsorbed material. The particle portion of
diesel exhaust contains elemental carbon (EG), organic carbon (OG), and small amounts of
sulphate, nitrate, metals, trace elements, water, and other unidentified compounds. Elemental
carbon usually makes up 50%-75% of the particles. Organic carbon makes up 19%-43% of the
exhaust. It is composed of unburned fuel, engine oil, and small amounts of partial combustion
and pyrolysis products. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons make up less than 1% of diesel exhaust
particle mass.
Carbonaceous matter refers to all carbon-containing compounds in diesel particles, and
includes the elemental and organic carbon. Organic carbon is made up of compounds
containing carbon and hydrogen. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) is the portion of diesel
particulate matter that can be extracted into solution. About one quarter of SOF is unburned
fuel and three quarters is unburned engine lubrication oil. Partial combustion and pyrolysis
products represent a very small fraction of the mass of SOF. Soot is the insoluble portion of
diesel particle matter formed by clusters of elemental carbon and organic carbon particles.
The soluble organic fraction of diesel exhaust varies with many factors but has generally
decreased since 1975. At present, exhaust particles from light-duty diesel engines have a
higher proportion of soluble organic fraction than particles from heavy-duty engines. However,
even with newer engines, some driving modes may produce a soluble organic fraction as high
as 50% of the particulate matter.
A large number of elements and metals have been detected in diesel exhaust. They include
barium, calcium, chlorine, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel,
phosphorus, sodium, silicon, and zinc. These make up less than 1% of particle mass.
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Most of the sulphur in the fuel is oxidized to sulphur dioxide (SO,), but about 1-4% is oxidiled
and then converted to sulphate and sulphuric acid in the exhaust. The amount of SO, emiifed
is related to the sulphur content of the fuel. Non-road equipment uses fuel containing more
sulphur than on-road diesel engines. The maximum allowable sulphur content in diesel is being
reduced. Vehicles tested using low-sulphur fuel were found to have a sulphate content of only
about 1%. Water content is about 1.3 times the amount of sulphate.
About 1-20% of total particle mass in diesel exhaust is in the ultra-fine size range (PM25)' The
majority of these ultra-fine particles have an average size of 0.02 microns (range of 0.005-0.05
microns). They account for 50%-90% of the total number of particles, These very small particles
are largely composed of sulphate andlor sulphate with condensed organic carbon. The
composition of the ultra-fine particle component in the eastern United States differs from that in
the west. In the east it is mostly composed of sulfates, and in the west, of nitrate, ammonium
or organic carbon.
Approximately 80%-95% of the mass of particles in diesel exhaust is made up of fine particles
(PM1O) with an average diameter of about 0.2 microns size range (range from 0.05-1.0
microns). The particles in this range are composed of spherical elemental carbon cores on
which are adsorbed organic compounds, sulphate, nitrate and trace elements. Their large
surface area makes them excellent carriers for the adsorbed compounds, which can effectively
reach the lowest parts of the lung.
PAH and nitro-PAH make up about 1% of the particulate component of diesel exhaust.
Differences in engine type and make, general engine condition, fuel composition and test
conditions can influence the emissions levels of PAH. Increasing the aromatic content of the
fuel may also increase PAH emissions.
The chemical composition of diesel particles to which people are currently exposed is a product
of old and new technology and on-road and non-road engines. Although it is not possible to
accurately characterize the mix, available data indicate that toxicologically significant organic
components of diesel exhaust (e.g., PAHs, PAH derivatives, nitro-PAHs) that were present in
the 1970s are still present.
Environmental Fate
The effects of diesel exhaust in the environment are similar to the effects of emissions from
burning other fossil fuels. Diesel exhaust contributes to acid deposition (acid rain), the
formation of ground-level ozone and global warming. Knowledge concerning the products of
chemical transformation of diesel exhaust in the air is still limited. Secondary aerosols such as
nitoarenes, nitrates and sulphates from diesel exhaust may also exhibit different biological
reactivity than the primary particles. There is evidence that reaction of PAH in the exhaust with
nitrogen oxides will form nitroarenes that are often more mutagenic than their p;ecursors. ii,
recent study has suggested that reaction with ground-level ozone increases the inflammatory
effect of diesel particles in the lung of the rat.
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After being emitted, diesel particles undergo ageing (oxidation, nitration or other chemical and
physical changes) in the atmosphere. The atmospheric lifetime of the various compounds
found in diesel exhaust varies and ranges from hours to days. Particles that are smaller than 1
micron can remain in the atmosphere for up to 15 days.
Primary diesel emissions are a complex mixture containing hundreds of organic and inorganic
constituents in the gas and particle phases. The more reactive compounds with short
atmospheric lifetimes will undergo rapid transformation in the presence of the appropriate
reactants, whereas more stable pollutants can be transported over greater distances.
The particulate portion of diesel exhaust can be either primary (emitted directly) or secondary
(formed from the transformation of the gaseous component). There is little or no hygroscopic
growth of primary diesel particles, however products of oxidation are more hygroscopic. Since
the products of oxidation are more soluble they are more readily removed from the air.
Particles are removed from the atmosphere through accretion of the particles and dry or wet
deposition. Particles of small diameter (<111m) are removed less efficiently and thus have
longer atmospheric residence times. Because of their small size, diesel exhaust particles have
residence times in air of several days, and they may be transported over long distances.
Ultimately, they may be removed by wet deposition if they serve as condensation nuclei for
water vapour deposition or are scavenged by precipitation in or below cloud.
Atmospheric lifetimes for several gas-phase components of diesel exhaust are on the order of
hours or days, during which time atmospheric turbulence and advection can disperse these
pollutants widely. Inorganic species such as sulphur dioxide (SO,) and nitric acid have
relatively fast deposition rates and remain in the air for less time than the organic components.
Dry deposition of organic species is typically on the order of weeks to months.
Gaseous diesel exhaust will primarily react with sunlight, the hydroxyl (OH) radical, ozone, the
hydroperoxyl (H02) radical, various nitrogen oxides and sulphuric acid. Reaction with the OH
radical is the major removal route for PAHs in the gas phase and occurs within a few hours in
daylight. In the presence of nitrogen oxides, this oxidation reaction can lead to the formaffon of
nitroarenes or nitro-PAHs.
Oxides of nitrogen (primarily NO) that are emitted in diesel exhaust are also oxidized in the
atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide (NO,) and particulate nitrate.
About 98% of sulphur emitted from diesel engines is in the form of 502. This is readily oxidized
by the OH radical in the atmosphere and then rapidly transformed into sulphuric acid aerosols
(H2S04) through the reaction of the H02 radical and HS03 with water. Because 502 is soluble
in water, it is scavenged by fog, cloud water and raindrops.
The particle matter of diesel exhaust is primarily composed of carbonaceous material (organic
and elemental carbon) with a very small fraction composed of inorganic compounds and
metals. The elemental carbon component of diesel exhaust is inert to atmospheric degradation.
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High-mDlecular-weight PAHs in particulate matter are generally mDre resistant tD atmDspheric
reactiDns than PAHs in the gas phase, leading tD an anticipated half-life Df 1 Dr mDre days.
PAHs undergD phDtDlysis, nitration, and oxidation. They react with sunlight, DZDne, hydroxyl
radicals, nitrogen Dxides, nitrates and sulphates.
Ultra-fine particles emitted by diesel engines undergD nucleation, cDagulatiDn and condensatiDn
tD fDrm fine particles.
Toxicokinetics
Absorption
The primary rDute Df human expDsure tD diesel exhaust is through inhalation. The prDperties
and cDmposition Df an individual particle influence the biDIDgical fate of the variDus components
of diesel exhaust. About 10% of diesel particles are depDsited in the alveolar regiDn Df the lung.
The half-time fDr clearance Df particles in the alveolar regiDn in humans is several months.
Particles that are not cleared are abSDrbed by macrophages.
Distribution
The lung is the majDr target Drgan fDr diesel exhaust. Diesel particles absDrbed by
macrophages remain mDstly in the lung. Elevated levels Df DNA adducts in the lymphDcytes Df
wDrkers, and the presence Df radiD-labelled Drganic cDmpDunds in biDIDgical tissue and fluids Df
animals expDsed by inhalatiDn, suggest that SDme cDmpDnents Df diesel exhaust are
biDavai/able.
Metabolism
The metabDlism Df diesel exhaust particles is similar tD that Df Dther insDluble fDreign bodies.
The particles are taken in by macrophages. This is fDIIDwed by inflammatiDn, cell death,
impaired clearance and eventually depDsition of collagen.
Excretion
Lung clearance mechanisms will remove diesel particles. At high concentratiDns, an overload
Df the removal mechanisms can Dccur. Macrophages that are laden with particles ShDW
decreased movement and lessened removal ability.
Human Health Effects
The main target Drgan Df diesel exhaust is the lung. Available evidence indicates that current
expDsure levels are high enDugh tD lead to adverse health effects. Diesel exhaust may cause
cancer and may affect the immune system.
Death
Diesel exhaust is Df IDw acute tDxicity, hDwever exposure can result in death from l;arbDn
mDnoxide, a cDmpDnent of diesel exhaust.
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Diesel Exhaust in Toronto
Respiratory effects
Acute exposure to diesel exhaust has been associated with irritation of the eye, nose, and
throat, and with respiratory symptoms such as cough and phlegm. Diesel exhaust is known to
contain various irritants in both the gaseous phase and particulate phase (for example, sulphur
oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NO,) and aldehydes). The evidence for potential chronic non-
cancer health effects of diesel exhaust is based primarily on findings from chronic animal
inhalation studies showing chronic inflammation and tissue changes in the lung in rats, mice,
hamsters and monkeys. A few studies of workers have noted some respiratory symptoms, but
overall, available studies have not shown significant chronic non-cancer health effects
associated with diesel exhaust exposure in humans. Several epidemiological studies have
demonstrated an association between air pollution and day-to-day changes in mortality, hospital
emergency visits, and changes in lung function. The specific contribution of diesel exhausts to
these effects is not known, however.
Immunological effects
Some studies in animals have shown decreased immune function after exposure to diesel
exhaust, but others have not. Recent human and animal studies have shown that short
exposures to diesel exhaust can produce allergic reactions and exacerbate symptoms to other
allergens. Given the increases in allergic hypersensitivity in the U.S. population, the USEPA has
indicated that this endpoint is of potential public health concern.
Neurological effects
Some reports of individuals in the workplace and in clinical studies exposed acutely to high
concentrations of diesel exhaust have shown neurophysiological symptoms such as headache,
light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and numbness or tingling of the extremities. There has
been some evidence from animal studies indicating possible neurological and behavioural
effects. However, these have been observed at exposures higher than those have that caused
respiratory effects.
Developmental and reproductive effects
There have been a few studies in animals showing sperm abnormalities, neurobehavioural
effects in pups and other effects on reproduction.
Genotoxic effects and cancer .
Diesel particulate matter and extracts of its organic components have induced gene mutations
and chromosomal changes in a variety of bacterial and mamrnalian cell test systerns. Both the
particle core and the associated organic compounds have demonstrated carcinogenic
properties. The particle component appears to contribute the most to carcinogenic effects, at
least at high exposure levels. It is possible that the absorbed organic compounds, such as
PAHs, play a more important role at lower exposure levels. The role of the gaseous
components is still unclear.
The mechanism by which diesel exhaust causes tumours is not well understood. The
carcinogenic effects may be related to the small size of diesel exhaust particles. It has been
suggested that this could be the result of the genotoxicity of the compounds that condense on
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Diesel Exhaust in Toronto
the particles. Others suggest the exhaust causes DNA damage or that the particles causa an
inflammation that then leads to increased cell multiplication.
Many studies in both humans and animals have shown the potential for diesel exhaust to cause
or contribute to the development of cancer in the lung. The evidence linking diesel exposure to
bladder cancer is weak. Increased lung cancer risk has been obselVed in railroad workers,
truck drivers, heavy equipment operators, and professional drivers. Several well-conducted
studies in the rat have demonstrated that chronic inhalation exposure produced dose-related
increases in lung tumours (benign and malignant). However, in other species the evidence is
less clear. The consistent findings of carcinogenic activity by the organic extracts of diesel
particle matter in non-inhalation studies (intratracheal instillation, lung implantation and skin
painting) further contribute to the overall animal evidence.
It is biologically plausible for the mutagenic and carcinogenic components of diesel exhaust to
increase the risk of lung cancer. This supports a causal relation between the association
obselVed between exposures and cancers. Overall, the human evidence that diesel exhaust is
carcinogenic is judged to be strong but not sufficient to consider diesel exhaust a human
carcinogen. There is a lack of consensus about whether the effects of smoking have been
adequately accounted for in various studies. The USEPA has concluded that chronic inhalation
exposure to diesel exhaust has the potential to induce lung cancer in humans and has classed
diesel exhaust particles in Group B1 _ probable human carcinogen. In the gh Report on
Carcinogens (2000), diesel exhaust particles were listed as reasonably anticipated to be a
human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1989) classified
diesel exhaust in group 2A _ probably carcinogenic to humans. There is insufficient inforlTlation
for an evaluation of the potential cancer hazard posed by the oral or dermal route of exposure.
References
Brightwell, J. et a/., 1986. Neoplastic and functional changes in rodents after chronic inhalation
of engine exhaust emissions. In Ishinishi, N. et a/. (eds.) Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of
diesel engine exhaust. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 471-485. (As cited in IPCS, 1996)
CaIEPA, 1998. Initial statement of reasons for rulemaking, staff report: proposed identifICation
of diesel exhaust as a toxic air contaminant. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air
Resources Board and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Creutzenberg, O. et a/., 1990. Clearance and retention of inhaled diesel exhaust particles,
carbon black, and titanium dioxide in rat lung overload conditions. J. Aerosol Sci (21): 455-458.
(As cited in IPCS, 1996)
Garshick, E. et a/., 1987.A case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust exposure in
railroad workers. Am Rev Rasp;r Dis (135): 1242-8. (As cited in OEHHA, 1998)
Garshick, E. et al., 1988. A retrospective cohort study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust
exposure in railroad workers. Am Rev Respir Dis (137): 820-5. (As cited in OEHHA, 1998)
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Harris, J.E., 1983. Diesel emissions and lung cancer. Risk Anal (312): 83-100. (As cite~ in
OEHHA, 1998)
Heinrich, U. et al., 1995. Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and two different strains of
mice to diesel engine exhaust, carbon black, and titanium dioxide. Inhal Toxicol (7): 533-556.
(As cited in IPCS, 1996; USEPA, 2000)
IPCS, 1996. Diesel and fuel exhaust emissions. World Health Organisation for the International
Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva. (Environmental Health Criteria, 171)
Ishinishi, N. et al., 1986. Long-term inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light
duty diesel engines on F344 rats. In Ishinishi, N. et al. (eds.) Carcinogenic and mutagenic
effects of diesel engine exhaust. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 329-348. (As cited in IPCS, 1996)
Ishinishi, N. et al., 1988. Long-term inhalation experiments on DE. In: DE and health risks:
results of the HERP studies. Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan: Japan Automobile Research Institute,
Inc., Research 34 Committee for HERP Studies: 11-84. (As cited in IPCS, 1996; USEPA, 1993,
2000)
Mauderly, J.L. et al., 1987. DE is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposed chronicaHy by
inhalation. Fundam. Appl. Toxico/. (9): 208-221. (As cited in IPCS, 1996; USEPA, 2000)
Mauderly, J.L. et al., 1987. Effects of inhaled nitrogen dioxide and DE on developing lung.
Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute; research report no. 8. (As cited in USEPA, 2000)
Nikula, K.J. et al., 1995. Comparative pulmonary toxicities and carcinogenicities of chronically
inhaled DE and carbon black in F344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol (25): 80-94. (As cited in
USEPA, 2000)
OEHHA, 1998. Health risk assessment for diesel exhaust. For the "Proposed identificaffon of
diesel exhaust as a toxic air contaminant. California Environmental Protection Agency,
Berkeley, CA.
OEHHA, 1999. Toxicity criteria database: Cancer potency information. California Environmental
Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA. http://www.oehha.org/risk/chemicaIDB/
Smith, A.H., 1998. Direct simplified estimation of diesel exhaust cancer risk with linear
extrapolation.
Presented at SRP meeting, 11 March 1998. (As cited in OEHHA, 1998)
USEPA, 1993, Integrated risk information system
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
http://www.epa.gov/iris/substl0642.htm
(IRIS): Diesel engine emIssIons. US
D.C. File on-line 06101f1993.
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USEPA, 2000. Health Assessment Document for Diesel Exhaust (SAB Review Draft). U.S.
Environmental protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment and OfficI] of
Research and Development
Washington, D.C. (EPA/600/8-90/057E)
US NTP, 2000. 9th Report on carcinogens. US Dept. of Health and Human Services, National
Toxicology Program.
WHO, 1989. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to
Humans, vol. 46: Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. International
Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
Yu, CP. et al., 1991. Retention modeling of diesel exhaust particles in rats and humans. J
Aerosol Med (412): 79-115. (As cited in USEPA 2000)
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News
II
Canada ..
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GM Canada Celebrates the Clean Air Foundation's Gold Award for Climate
Change from the Canadian Environmental Awards
Osbawa, Ontario (JuDe 5, 2007) - General Motors of Canada congratulates the Car Heaven program of the
Clean Air Foundation and program director, Fatima Dharsee, for winning the Gold Award for Climate Change
at the Canadian Environmental A wards last night in Montreal.
"The Canadian Environmental A wards are the premiere environmental awards in Canada and for the Car
Heaven program to be recognized is an outstanding achievement," says Marc Comeau, vice president, sales,
service and marketing, General Motors of Canada. "We're delighted with the success of the Car Heaven
program, our partnership with the Clean Air Foundation and its positive impact on the environment."
The Clean Air Foundation developed the Car Heaven program in 2000 to encourage Canadians to retire their
old, higher polluting vehicles and to ensure that these vehicles are recycled in the most environmentally
responsible manner possible. In May 2005, GM Canada partnered with the Clean Air Foundation to offer
eligible Car Heaven donors $1,000 towards the purchase of a new GM vehicle. This partnership has proven to
be a strong and valuable alliance. Participation in Car Heaven has more than tripled and the impact on the
environment has been significant.
Through the Car Heaven program, in 2006 alone, more than 16,000 older vehicles were replaced with new GM
vehicles. The emissions of these more than 16,000 old vehicles are equal to the emissions of more than 320,000
new vehicles that have new advanced emission technologies, In that same year, the program prevented the
release of 8,710 tonnes of carbon monoxide, 2,105 tonnes of smog-fonning emissions and 26,910 tonnes of
greenhouse gas emissions.
This is the third major recognition the Car Heaven program has received in 2007. Earlier this year, the program
received a 2007 Environmental Pyramid Award of Recognition from the Canadian Automobile Association .
(CM) for "outside the box" thinking that created a program to help significantly reduce the impact of the
automobile on the environment. Car Heaven was also recognized in the recent federal budget.
The Canadian Environment A wards: A Celebration of Community Achievement is a national program that
recognizes individuals and groups of Canadians who have made outstanding contributions to the protection,
restoration and preservation of the Canadian environment.
General Motors of Canada (GMCL) is engineering and manufacturing advanced environmental technologies
ranging from Active Fuel Management (cylinder deactivation) and hybrid systems to E85 biofuel and fuel cell
vehicles - more than any other auto company right here in Canada. Headquartered in Oshawa Ontario,
GMCL employs more than 19,000 people nationwide. GM of Canada manufactures vehicles, vehicle
powertrains, and markets the full range of General Motors vehicles and related services through 743
.'
dealerships and retailers across Canada. Vehicles sold through this network include Chevrolet, Buick,
Pontiac, GMC, Saturn, Hummer, Saab and Cadillac.
- 30-
Contact:
Adria MacKenzie
GM Canada
(905) 644-1824
.. - '. ..-- ....
clean':i eo,.
I=OUNDATION
Send that heap to Car Heaven!
Clean Air Foundation launches annual car recycling program in Lower Mainland
Vancouver, June 21, 2006 - This moming local Strongmen, Robin Wright and Paul Rykiert,
helped launch Vancouver's Car Heaven campaign by hauling off an end-of-life vehicle and
replacing it with a new, more fuel efficient and lower emission 2006 Pontiac Wave. This year Car
Heaven aims to retire up to 20,000 vehicles across Canada.
To date, more than 34,000 high-polluting vehicles have been retired through Car Heaven,
amounting to reductions of more than 25,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, 15,000 tonnes
of carbon monoxide emissions and 4,000 tonnes of smog forming emissions. It would take almost
500,000 brand new vehicles to emit the same amount of smog-forming emissions as the 34,000
that have been retired through Car Heaven.
The year-round Car Heaven program, run by the Clean Air Foundation in association with General
Motors Canada and Imperial Oil, is dedicated to accelerating the retirement of older, higher
polluting vehicles and to promoting a shift to new, cleaner and more efficient alternatives. Each
donor receives a minimum $50 charitable tax receipt from the donor's choice of 22 affiliated
charities and their vehicles are towed free of charge by A-Part Auto. In addition, General Motors
will provide a $1,000 certificate that can by applied to the purchase of just about any new GM
vehicle if the vehicle donated to Car Heaven is a 1995 model year or older, in running condition,
licensed and insured for the previous consecutive 6 months.
"Through Car Heaven we can get more new, cleaner technology on the road faster, and that's
good for the environment," said Jerry Daniel, British Columbia zone manager for General Motors of
Canada. "Car Heaven is one of many strategies that GM is involved with to reduce the impact
vehicles have on the environment. Since 1970, GM has reduced smog-causing emissions from
vehicles by 99.7 per cent, with the introduction of sophisticated emission control technology and
GM vehicles have earned more EnerGuide fuel efficiency awards than any other manufacturer."
The new low emission vehicles that are manufactured today generate at least 100 times less VOCs
and 44 times less NOx than vehicles of similar size that were manufactured prior to 1988. In fact,
the average vehicle donated to Car Heaven (model year 1990-1991) is 33 times more polluting
than a brand new 2006 Pontiac Wave.
"Older vehicles are simply inefficient, doing damage to the pocket book and to our atmosphere.
The Car Heaven program is the best option for safely recycling your older vehicle and purchasing a
new one," said Ersilia Serafini, Executive Director of the Clean Air Foundation. "The Lower
Mainland has been a model city for us by retiring over 1,000 vehicles in the past year, and we look
forward to beating that number in 2006."
..The Car Heaven Angels who visit Esso retail locations help promote the program and provide
added value to our customers with helpful tips on how to keep their cars running efficiently," said
Simon Smith, vice-president, fuels marketing, Imperial Oil. "At Esso -- We're Drivers Too, and the
Car Heaven program not only makes good economic sense for our customers, it's also responsible
common sense for the environment:
Donor forms and program details are available online at www.c8rheaven.ca or, by calling 1-778-
371-7123 or by visiting GM dealerships in the Vancouver area.
About Clean Air Foundation
The Clean Air Foundation is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to developing, implementing
and managing public engagement programs and strategic approaches that lead to measurable
emissions reductions, to improve air quality and protect the climate. The Foundation manages
eight public engagement programs - Car Heaven, Mow Down Pollution, Keep Cool, Energy
Smalts, Switch Out, Cool Shops, Climate-Air Connections and Chill Out.
About General Motors
Headquartered in Oshawa, Ontario, General Motors of Canada employs more than 20,000 people
nationwide. GM of Canada manufactures a variety of vehicles, engines, transmissions and other
components, and markets the full range of General Motors vehicles and related services through
765 dealerships and retailers across Canada. Vehicles sold through this network include Chevrolet,
Buick, Pontiac, GMC, Saturn, Hummer, Saab and Cadillac,
Imperial Oil
Imperial Oil is one of Canada's largest corporations and a leading member of the country's
petroleum industry. It is one of the largest producers of crude oil and natural gas and is also the
country's largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products, sold primarily under the Esso and
Mobil brand names through a coast-to-coast supply network that includes close to 2,000 retail
outlets.
- 30-
For further information or to request an interview, please contaci:
Fatima Dharsee
Program Manager
Car Heaven
416-922-9038 x 248
fdharsee@cleanairfoundation.oro
Myra Reisler
Media Relations
Med ia Profile
416-504-8464
mvra@mediaprofils.com
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GM Plans First Light Duty V-8 Clean Diesel for North America
" High-efficiency V-8 scheduled for pickup trucks under 8,600 pounds Gross Vehicle
Weight and HUMMER H2
. low emissions, high performance and excellent fuel economy
. Expected to deliver class-leading torque, power and refinement
. Manufactured at the GM Powertrain Tonawanda engine plant
TONAWANDA, NY (June 15, 2007) - General Motors Corp. will introduce a new, state-
ol-the-art 4.5L V-8 Duramax turbo-diesel that improves engine fuel efficiency by 25
percent, reduces C02 emissions by 13 percent and cuts particulates and NOx emissions
by at least gO percent for North American light duty trucks and the HUMMER H2 built after
2009,
The premium V-8 diesel is expected to deliver class-leading torque, power and refinement
while maintaining a significant fuel efficiency advantage over comparable-output gasoline
engines.
The new dual-overhead earn, four-valve V-8 diesel engine will fit within the same space of
a small-block v-a gasoline engine. This compact size is made possible by using integral
cylinder head exhaust manifolds, integral eam cover intake manifolds and a narrow block.
uThis new GM light duty diesel is expected to become a favorite among customers who
require excellent towing ability and fuel efficiency," said Tom Stephens, group vice
president, GM Global Powertrain and Quality. "It will meet the stringent 2010 emissions
standards, and it will be compliant in all 50 states, making it one of the cleanest diesel
vehicles ever produced."
Environmental benefits of the new engine include a 13-percent reduction in CO2 versus
gasoline engines, and at least a 90-percent reduction in particulates and NOx compared
to diesel vehicles today. This will be GM's first engine to use a selective catalytic reduction
NOx aftertreatment system with a diesel particulate filter to help achieve the Tier 2 Bin 5
and lEV 2 emissions standards.
Technical highlights of the engine include aluminum cylinder heads with integrated
manifolding; a variable-vane turbocharger with intercooling; a Compacted Graphite Iron
(CGi) biock ror a stronger and iighter engine base (compared to lower-strength aluminum
or heavier grey cast iron); and fracture-split main bearing caps and connecting rods for a
ittp:llw\vw,am.comlexplore/fuel_ economy/news/2007/adv _ enginesldiesel_ 061807.jsp
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}M. Fuel Economy - News - Advanced Engines - GM Plans First Light Duty V-8 Clean Diesel for North A... Page 2 of2
precise fit. An electronically controlled, ultra-high-pressure, common-rail fuel system is
used, which has the ability to inject fuel five times per combustion event to control noise
and emissions.
"This new V-8 is not only a clean diesel meeting the toughest emissions requirements in
North America, it also delivers an effortless performance feel because of its high torque
across the speed range, b said Charlie Freese, executive director of GM Powertrain Diesel
Engineering. "It is also significantly quieter than other diesels an the road today, with noise
and vibration performance approaching gasoline V-81evels."
Freese said the newV-8's compact size enables it to fit in the envelope of a gasoline
small-block engine, which provides GM the flexibility to introduce this engine in a wide
variety of vehicle applications should there be future market demand. '
The premium V-8 diesel engine is expected to deliver class-leading refinement,
horsepower and torque and fulfill multiple vehicle applications with ratings in excess of
310 horsepower and 520 It>-ft of torque.
GM (Opel, Saab, Vauxhell end GMDAT) currenijy offers 17 diesel engine variants in 45
vehicle lines around the world. GM sells more than one million diesel engines annually,
with products that offer a range of choices from the 1.3L four-cylinder diesel engine sold in
the Opel Agila and Corsa, up to the 6.6L v-a Duramax diesel sold in full~sjze vans, heavy
duty pickups and medium duty trucks in the U,S,
GM first introduced the Duramax diesel6.6L V-8 in the U.S. in the 2001 model year and
since then, customer enthusiasm for this heavy duty diesel has been outstanding. In fact,
GM's heavy duty pickup truck market share has jumped nearly tenfold in the six years that
Ouramax engines have been offered.
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The emissions of C02 from our cars and light trucks have decreased significantly since
the mid-1970s as fuel efficiency has increased.
Since the mid~1960s, vehicle tailpipe
emissions of hydrocarbons (He), carbon
monoxide (CO), and oxides af nitrogen
(NOx) have significantly decreased, In
the United Slates and Canada, HC, CO
and NOx of passenger cars have
decreased by 99 percent, 96 percent,
and 95 percent, respectively.
Since 1990, C02 emissions from our
cars and light trucks in the UB. and
Canada have been relatively constant, as consumers have chosen larger vehicles with
more features and more powerful engines, offsetting much of our fuel economy gains.
~
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Launch timeline
What are
nrAonhnllCA
Ittp://www.gm.com/explore/fuel_economy/emissions/
9/9/2007
Dioxin Facts - Sources & Trends - Trends - Dioxins, Furans, TCDD, PCBs
Page 1 of2
Trends
Total environmental releases of dioxins from all quantifiable sources
decreased by 90% between 1987 and 2000
*OTHER category includes: diesel heavy-duty trucks, industrial wood
combustion, diesel off-road equipment, EDC/VCM production, sintering plants,
automobiles using leaded gasoline, land applied 2,4-D, iron ore sintering, oli-
fired utilities, lightweight aggregate kilns that combust hazardous waste,
petroleum refining, catalyst regeneration, cigarette smoke, boilers/industrial
furnaces, crematoria, and drum reclamation.
Note: "Dioxin" here is defined as the totality of 7 dioxins and 10 furans. "TEQ"
denotes "toxic equivalent," a quantitative measure of the combined toxicity of a
mixture of dioxin-like chemicals.
Source: u.s. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of
http://www .dioxinfacts.org/ sources _ trends/trends.html
9/6/2007
Dioxin Facts - Sources & Trends - Trends - Dioxins, Furans, TCDD, PCBs
Page 2 of2
sources and environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United
States for the years 1987, 1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/P-03/002F.
(http;J/cfpub.epi'!. gQv!ncei3/cfm/recordispli3Y .cfm]deid,=J 592&1))
'1\<.'''''-
home! Dioxin TRI Data - el2 Sector I sources & trends I dioxin & ilealtl1 I q & a i links I contact us
Copyright <9 1996 to 2007 Chlo[ioeJ::hemistryj)iviSiQD of theuAmelici3n ChemistrY.CoUDcil. All Rights
Reserved.
TE!UD~andJ~9n(m[QIJS I Eri~ac;y_Eqlicy
http://WVvw . dioxinfacts. orgl sources _ trends/trends.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 1 of8
Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Introduction
New research suggests that forest fires are a major and natural source of dioxinsi. In fact,
in 2002, forest fires probably emitted nearly as much dioxin to the environment as did all
other Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-quantified sources combined. Dioxin
emissions from industrial and commercial sources have declined steadily over the past
several decades. As emissions from these sources are further curtailed through regulation
and technology, forest fires should continue to be viewed as a major source of dioxins to
the environment.
A recently published
study by Gullett and
Touati (2003)
demonstrates that dioxin
emissions from forest
fires originate
predominantly from
biomassii combustion,
and not simply from the
vaporization of dioxin
compounds bound to
vegetation. Additionally,
the researchers found
that the type of biomass
burned has a significant
effect on the
composition of the
resulting dioxin
emissions-Oregon forest
biomass (average
emission factoriii of 25 ng- TEQiV /kg-biomass burned) produces a different dioxin
composition than does North Carolina biomass (average emission factor of 15 ng-TEQ/kg-
biomass burned). Based on the new findings, EPA estimates of dioxin emissions from
forest fires may be unrealistically low [estimated at 2 ng-TEQ/kg-biomass burned (U.S.
EPA, 2000)]. Gullett and Touati are careful to point out that further research is required to
elucidate the effect of species type, location and type of fire on emission factors.
h1tn'Il"'lWW.c1ioxinfacts,om/sources trends/forest fires.htm!
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 2 of8
----.~-~----.......---
Figure 1: Number of U.S. Acres Burned
Annually in U,S. Wi! dfires
Rererenee: N8I:ionallnteragencyFire Center
(httpilwvlw.nifc.gov)
"C
_CI>
o c:
... ....
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zl3
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:Bp)O,OOJ
1 jXJO,OOJ
tiooo.em
;OOMJO
4000;000
3~,OOO
zooo,OCO
1000.lX-o
o
Year
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~
I
I
___~-.J
~<f;
"
~*
"
&-
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~",q, ~* ~~ ",<:::."
" " 't 't
Background: Forest Fires and Dioxins
U.S. forest fire statistics are compiled by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC).
Forest fire occurrence varies from year to year, based on many factors, including climate,
weather, topography, soil and vegetation, and proximity to roads and communities. Figure
1 (above) demonstrates the variation in total U.S. acreage affected by forest fires
annualiy since 1995. (The value plotted for 2003 is the number of acres reported burned
as of September 23.)
Figure 2: Grams- TEO of Dioxins and Furans Emilled
Annually'
[Using 20 ng.TEOlkg-Emission Fador (Gullett & Touati.
2003)]
oH881
"w 1 AOO
e'":1'OO ...
- ~.-'~ /
~. .,,~O<l' . I "
'a.~ ~~. / ~ /
15 .~ 4(10 ~ ~ .........
w 200 .
o
R>~ -<1, ,{\. d}> "'"
~ "q,"?I- "q,~ >B' "q,"'-
A
/' \ *
II' \ / "
/ \/ ""
..
&
"fi
s:,"
'fi
,,'1.- -0'
,,<::i col.'-
y ""
~"-
.fi
Year
*Calculated using statistics on annual forest acreage burned from the NIFC; an emission factor of 20 ng~
TEQ/kg biomass burned from Gullett, and Touati, (2003); and a biomass consumption rate of 9.43 metric
tons/acre in areas consumed by wildfires from Ward et al. (1976), as cited in the EPA Draft Dioxin
Reassessment (September, 2000).
htto://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources trends/forest fires.html
- -
9/612007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 3 of 8
Figure 2 is a plot of dioxin emissions from annual forest fires since 1995. (The value
plotted for 2003 was calculated using the number of acres reported burned as of
September 23.) This graph closely mirrors annual acreage burned (Figure 1) because
dioxin emissions are directly dependent upon the number of acres affected by forest fire.
Forest Fires: An Increasingly Significant Source of Dioxins
16,000
_ 14.000
a
Ii l!;' 12,000
.. CI
it. -;; 1 0.000
c C
Ox .!:!
" ..
o .!!
E
w
4.000
8.000
6,000
2,000
o
Figure 3: A Comparison of Dioxin/Furan
Emissions from Forest Fires with Emissions
from EPA-Quantlfied Sources
.
-+-Dioxln
Emsslons
from EP,A,.
Quantifi",oj
Sources
-&-DioXItl
Ermssiolls
from
Forest
Fires
1987
1995
Year
2002
Figure 3 demonstrates the significance of forest fire dioxin emissions (green line) relative
to dioxin emissions from all other EPA-quantified dioxin sources for 1987, 1995 and
2002/4 (projected), years for which dioxin emission data are available (blue line). EPA-
quantified (non-forest fire) sources declined by 77% between 1987 and 1995 and are
estimated by EPA to currently be 92% lower than 1987 levels. It can be seen from the
graph that as other sources decline, forest fires have become an increasingly significant
source of dioxin to the environment. Simply put, annual forest fire dioxin emissions are
becoming comparable in magnitude to combined emissions from all other quantified
sources.
Ten Year Statistics
Over the past 10 years, an average of 4.66 million acres of U.s. land were affected by
more than 100,000 wildfires annually. In Table 1, dioxin emissions from wildfires over the
past decade are compared to current EPA-estimated emissions from quantified sources.
Wildfire dioxin emissions in Table 1 and Figure 3 were calculated using:
. 20 ng-TEQ/kg emission factor (Gullett and Touati (2003), average emission factor)
. 9.43 metiic tons/acre biomass consumption rate for wildfires (Ward et aL, 1976, as
cited and used in the Draft U.S. EPA Dioxin Reassessment)
. Statistical data on wildfires (NIFC, www.nifc.govJ.
Table 1: 10-Year Dioxin Emissions (grams-TEQ) Calculated Using Gullett and
Touati (2003) Emission Factors
http://www .dioxinfacts.org/sources _trends/forest _ fires.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 4 of8
Number Millions Dioxin Forest Fire Non-Forest Fire
of Forest of Acres Emission Dioxin Dioxin Emissions,
Firesv Affected Factorvi Emissions g_TEQvii (EPA-
(ng/kg- (g_ TEQ)1 Projected,
burned) 2002/2004)
10-year 101,575 4.66 20 870 (gOO)
Average
Range- 130,019 8A2 25 (Oregon) 1,985 1,106
High 81,043 2.31 15 (North (2,000)
Low Carolina) 327 (300)
lFigures in parentheses are rounded to one significant figure due to the wide margins of
error in estimating parameters used to calculate dioxin emissions.
it can be seen from Table 1 that 10-year average annual forest fire dioxin emissions
approaches the total combined projected 2002/2004 EPA-quantified emissions. In addition
to the lO-year average dioxin forest fire emissions, Table 1 shows potential upper and
lower bounds to dioxin emissions over the past decade. Acreage affected during the most
destructive forest fire year (2000) is combined with Gullett and Touati's (2003) highest
measured emission factor (25 ng-TEQ/kg) to obtain a potential upper bound emission of
approximately 2,000g-TEQ. Similarly, acreage affected during the least destructive forest
fire year (1993) is combined with the lowest measured emission factor (15 ng-TEQ/kg) to
obtain a potential lower bound emission of approximately 300g-TEQ.
EPA-Calculated Forest Fire Dioxin Emissions
In EPA's Draft Dioxin Reassessment, forest fire dioxin emissions are calculated using an
emission factor of 2 ng-TEQ/kg. Acreage affected by forest fires was obtained by EPA from
the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) 25th Annual Report
(httpjL<;eJl.gh~.d",,"gQY/JeP_OJ1:~lr@orts~btj11). Greater precision can be attained, however,
using NIFC statistics. CEQ data were not available for 1995 and a high-range,
conservative estimate of 7 million acres of forest fire acreage was used by EPA for that
year. This estimate was triple the value reported by NIFC. Additionally, EPA combines
estimates of emissions from forest fires with those from prescribed burns. Nevertheless,
EPA's method of calculation and the method described here are similar enough so that
when estimates of forest fire acreage agree (and only forest fire, not prescribed burn,
acreage is considered), calculated emissions differ by one order of magnitude. This
difference is attributed to the use of an emission factor of 2ng-TEQ/kg instead of 20 ng-
TEQ/kg. For a more detailed analysis of EPA calculations, see the Appendix.
The Bottom Line
Using NIFC wildland fire statistics on forest acreage burned and conclusions regarding
dioxin emission factors of Gullett and Touati (2003), dioxin emissions from forest fires are
estimated to be comparable to those from combined industrial, commercial and societal
sources. As industrial emissions of dioxins are even further reduced through regulation
and technology in the years to come, forest fires should continue to be viewed as a major
source of dioxins to the environment.
References:
Gullett, B.K. and Touati, A. (2003). PCDD/F emissions from forest fire simulations,
Atmospheric Environment 37, p. 803-13.
National Interagency Fire Center. On-line. Available: httP.:J/vvw\^L.Oifc.goY. (accessed
September 17,2003).
h11n://www,nioxinfHct',OrQ/'OUfces trends/forest fires.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 5 of8
US Environmental Protection Agency Inventory of Sources of Dioxin-Like Compounds in
the United States-1987 and 1995. On-line. Available:
http://cfpub._epa.gQv!m:eojcfm/dJQxim:!b.<:fm7ActIypeocde[a_ult (accessed August 11,
2003).
US Environmental Protection Agency (September, 2000), Exposure and human health
reassessment of 2,3,7,9-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds
(Draft).
Ward et aI., 1976 An update on particulate emissions from forest fires. Presented at: 69th
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Portland, OR June 27-July 1,
1976] as cited in the EPA Draft Dioxin Reassessment, September, 2000.
White House Council on Environmental Quality, 25th Anniversary Report (1994-1995),
1993. [On-Line]. Available: http://ceq,eh,dQe~gQv/rePQrts/repQ-':t,,.Nm
i"Dioxins" here refers to both dioxins and furans.
iiPlant material
iiiA dioxin emission factor for forest fires is the quantity of dioxin generated by the burning
of a stated quantity of forest biomass. The unit used here is ng- TEQ/kg-biomass, or
nanograms (O.OOOOOOOOlg) of dioxin toxic equivalents generated per kilogram of biomass
burned.
iV"TEQ" denotes "Toxic Equivalents," a quantitative measure of the combined toxicity of a
mixture of dioxin-like chemicals, here measured in grams. There are two systems of TEQ,
a WHO system and an International system. No effort was made here to distinguish
between these two, but it is assumed that interchanging these units would not have a
significant effect on the conclusions reached.
VAil forest fire statistics are from the National Interagency Fire Center (www.nJfc.90Y).
viFrom Gullett and Touati (2003).
vii From US Environmental Protection Agency Inventory of Sources of Dioxin-Like
Compounds in the United States-1987 and 1995"
httP~L!<:fpub~_eP_il.9Qv!lKe_qhfmLQi()xjndb_.cf\ll;>8ctTYPe=defa\JJt and based on EPA
projections assuming full compliance with regulatory levels by this period and the closure
of a copper smelter (personal communication, Dwain Winters, US EPA, 9-9-02).
Calculations:
To obtain dioxin emissions from forest fires:
Dioxin emissions (9rams, G) = Acres burned (A) X (9.43 Metric Tons biomass/Acre) X
1,000 kg/Metric Ton) X Emission Factor (ng-TEQ/kg-burned) Dioxin emissions (grams) =
Acres burned X 9.43 E3 X Emission Factor X E-9.
Example: To calculate the number of grams of dioxins-TEQ "G," from the burning of "A"
acres of forest using an emission factor of 20 ng-TEQ/kg-biomass burned:
G = A X (9.43 Metric Tons/Acre) X (1,000 kg/Metric Ton) X (20 ng-TEQ/kg-burned) X E-9
g/ng) G = A X 0.1886
Appendix: Calculating Dioxin Emissions from Forest Fires Using Two Different
htto://www.dioxinfacts.onvsources trends/forest fires.html
9/612007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 60f8
Methods
Comparing Dioxin/Furan Emissions from Forest l-
Fires (calculated by two different methods) with
Emissions from EPA-Quantified Sources (E.F. ::
20 ng- TEQlkg)
'&
c:W
~I-;"
... tII
:3_
... ..
c c
.- 0
>< '-
o ..
.- in
D-
E
w
16.000
14.000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
o
1985
t1
..
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
-t-DiOXln [mIssions frQm EPA-Ouant;tied Somces
-4--DioXIn EmIssions from Forest rire, Calculated USing !\HFC
Statisti(s
_ ~Dioxin Emissions from Forest Fires CBlwlated Using Draft Dioxin
Reassessment Method and Updated EmissIons Factor
Forest fires represent a potentially large natural source of dioxins, It is instructive to
compare total U.s. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-quantified dioxin emissions for
1987 and 1995 (bttP_JLd'PUQ.E"Q".9ovJnc:e_aLcfrnJdiQxlmJb"cfm]8.ct1Ype=dgfi3uJt) and
2002/2004 EPA-projected emissions with estimates of emissions from forest fires. The
blue line in the graphic above represents dioxin emissions from all EPA-quantified sources
and demonstrates the impressive reduction brought about by government regulation and
industry innovation. The two lower (red and green) lines represent forest fire emissions
estimated using two different methods, which are described below. Both methods employ
a recently published estimated average emission factor for forest fires of 20 ng-TEQ/kg-
biomass burned (Gullett and Touati, 2003)1.
httv://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources trends/forest fires.html
- -
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 70f8
A Closer Look at Dioxin/Furan Emissions From
Forest Fires
3500
a 3000
~ ~ 2500
... ...
it. ~ 2000
c~
'x ,!! 1500
0"
o ,!!! 1000
E
w 500'
o
1985
1995
2000
2005
1990
Year
......-Dioxio Emissions from Foresl Fi(es Calculated Using Draft Dioxin
Reassessment Metr,od and Updated EI,nisslorl Factor
...... D,oxln EmissIons from Forest Fires Calculated USll1g ~~IFC 'StatistiCS
and Updated Emission Factor
_ -DIoxin EmiSSions from EPA,Ouanlifled Sources
The figure above permits a closer look at dioxin and furan emissions from forest fires in
relation to those from EPA-quantified sources. (The 1987 data point for EPA-quantified
sources is not shown here for purposes of magnifying lower emission values.)
Method 1: Forest fire emissions calculated using NIFC statistics and 20 ng-TEQ/kg
Emission Factor
Forest fire acreage was obtained from the Nationai Interagency Fire Center website
(http://www.nifc.9ov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html) and multiplied by a biomass
consumption rate of 9.43 metric tons/acre for wildfires (Ward et aI., 1976, as cited in the
Draft U.S. EPA Dioxin Reassessment) to obtain the number of metric tons of biomass
incinerated in annual wildfires. Metric tons of biomass is converted to kilograms by
multipiying by 1,000 and then multiplying by the 20 ng-TEQ/kg emission factor of Gullett
and Touati (2003) to obtain the number of nanograms of dioxins generated. That number
is then converted to grams of dioxins by dividing by 109.
Method 2: Forest fire emissions calculated using EPA's Draft Dioxin Reassessment Method
and updated 20 ng-TEQ/kg Emission Factor
EPA calculates the amount of biomass burned in forest fires using the number of acres of
forests affected by wildfires as reported in the White House Council on Environrnental
Quality (CEQ) 25th Annual Report (http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/reports/reports.htm).That
report lists 5 million acres in 1987, and a CEQ estimate of 5-7 million acres in 1995 . EPA
chose to use 7 million acres in its calculation. Multiplying each of these values by Ward et
al.'s biomass consumption rate of 9.43 metric tons/acre for wildfires, the number of
metric tons of biomass produced in annual wildfires alone is obtained. (The draft EPA
Dioxin Reassessment combines wildfires and prescribed burns; here only wildfires are
considered.) Metric tons of biomass is converted to kilograms by multiplying by 1,000 and
then multiplied by an updated emission factor of 20 ng-TEQ/kg to obtain the number of
nanograms of dioxins generated. That value is then converted to grams of dioxins by
dividing by 109
Table 1 shows the results of the two methods of calculation: Table 1
httn.llnm~" flio,,;nfoc.t<.om/sources trends/forest fires.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Forest Fires: A Major Source of Dioxins
Page 80f8
Millions of Acres Billions of g-TEQ Dioxins
of Forest Affected Kilograms of Emitted
b\ Wildfi res Biomass Burned
1987 1995 1987 1995 1987 19~
Method 1: Using 4.15 2.32 39.13 21.88 783 43
NIFC Statistics (8001 (40
~,ethod 2: Using 5 7 47.15 66.01 943 1,
~EQ Statistics (900) (1,0
Employed bv EPA
!5
IS
t:l
36-0
t>D
Except for the large disparity in the number of forest acres affected by fires in 1995, the
two methods would produce similar dioxin emission results when the same emission factor
is employed. Clearly, greater precision can be achieved using annual NIFC forest fire
acreage rather than CEQ estimates.
-"..-.._-+~"-_._~~.-~_.,_.~._--
lThese researchers caution: ".this estimate is only preliminary until additional work can further understand
the potential for emission factor differences due to species type, location and type of fire" (p. 811).
2The 1995 figure was shown as "nan in the CEQ report. An asterisk to the bottom of the table indicates fire
acreage should be estimated as between 2-7 million. EPA used the high estimate of 7 million. This accounts
for the great disparity between the NIFC figure and the CEQ estimate.
3Figures in parentheses are rounded to one significant figure due to the wide margins of error in estimating
parameters used to calculate dioxin emissions.
Dioxin TRl Data - CI2 Sector I sources & trends I dioxin & health I q & a I links I contact us
IJttir-::ii
.. ....,...",&1';.
(i:i$~':i:;;/'&';s
Copyright @ 1996 to 2007 CbLorin",.Cb"'.n1]stryj:Jjvisic1O-qf the A_fIler]@n.C:bemistn'<::QlJn~H. All Rights
Reserved.
TeIll1s_~n_d C9Dcli(iQns I F'ri]l~cy~olic)'
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l)ioxinFacts.org - Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United States
J
Page 1 of 5
Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United
States
Intrw:JuctiQTJ
There are several encouraging developments regarding the issue
of dioxinl emissions and exposure in the United States. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data (2006) show recent
dramatic declines in dioxin emissions to the environment from
quantified sources. In addition to an overall decline in dioxin
emissions, the pattern of emitted dioxin chemical forms, or
congeners, which have toxicities varying over several orders of
magnitude, has changed. On average, current dioxin emissions
are composed of a greater percentage of lower toxicity
congeners than in the past.
Dioxins are
byproducts of many
types of combustion,
both natural and
anthropogenic,
including industrial,
municipal and
medical incineration;
domestic fireplace
and wood stove use;
backyard barrel
burning; and forest
and brush fires.
Total environmental releases of dioxins
from all quantified sources decreased
by 90% between 1987 and 2000 (see
Figure 1). This significant decrease in dioxin emissions can be
attributed to successful US government regulation as well as to
the voluntary application of control technologies by industry.
Emissions from the major historic source of dioxin for the past 30
years, incineration (especially of municipal solid waste and
medical waste), have been continually declining since at least
1987. According to EPA data, backyard burning of rubbish2, currently a largely
unregulated source, is the largest identifiable source of dioxin emissions. ("Regulated
sources" refers to those sources which have controlled emissions of dioxins, either by
virtue of regulations designed specifically for that purpose or by virtue of regulations
targeting other pollutants, which have also reduced dioxin emissions.)
The 3-T Rule:
Combustion
temperature, time
and turbulence
conditions are
adjusted to minimize
dioxin formation.
lLS. ~nvirQTJmental f'[QtectjofLAgen.cYJJiQxiR~missiQnf)gtq Show.Decli[Jjog.LeveL!L?TJJLg
Ch?TJml151-"-?ttern oLSourceSc
Declining emissions levels of dioxin to the environment are characterized by a changing
pattern of emission sources over time. EPA data demonstrate that industry and regulatory
controls on incineration have resulted in significantly diminishing contributions of dioxin
from this source since 1987 (see the blue portions of the stack graphs in Figure 1). The
"3-T Rule" is an industry "rule of thumb" stating that combustion temperature, time and
turbulence conditions may be optimized to minimize dioxin formation. Application of this
rule has proven that technology works to reduce dioxin emissions. As emissions from
industry have declined, largely unregulated sources such as backyard barrel burning of
rubbish and residential wood burning have risen in significance as contributors to overall
emissions.
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DioxinFacts.org - Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United States
Page 2 of5
*Includes incineration of municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, and hazardous waste.
**other category includes: leaded and unleaded gasoline, land applied 2,4-D, iron ore
sintering, oil-fired utilities, EDC/vinyl chloride, lightweight aggregate kilns that combust
hazardous waste, petroleum refinery, catalyst regeneration, cigarette smoke,
boilers/industrial furnaces, crematoria and drum reclamation.
1 "Dioxin" here is defined as the totality of 7 dioxins and 10 furans. "TEQ" denotes "toxic
equivalent," a quantitative measure of the combined toxicity of a mixture of dioxin-like
chemicals.
2 US. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of sources and
environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987,
1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC;
EPA/600/P-03/002F. (http://cfpub.epa.g()vJncea/cEm!re<:ordisplay.cJm?dei d =1592(>6)
fIq,-kvard Bar@UiurnjrrgjEi EHjmiLt~(Lta/:J"'-iLMaior S(JMf:Ce~LOl()}(jn EmiEi!?jQrr$ lathe
E1Lv!L0J1mgnt
Dioxin emissions have decreased dramatically as a result of regulations and voluntarily
implemented controls. Today, unregulated sources such as backyard barrel burning of
rubbish constitute the major sources of dioxin emissions to the environment. It is
important to note that estimates of dioxin emissions from private rubbish burning are
subject to great uncertainty. Quantities and types of dioxin congeners formed during
backyard burning depend upon the amount of rubbish burning that occurs over a region,
the composition of the rubbish burned and the physical conditions of burning.
http://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources_trends/trends _ emissions.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United States
Page 3 of 5
8
11I
I-
,
Ul
c
x
.2
CI
Figure 2: The Effect on Dioxin Emissions of
Regulation of Industrial. Municipal and
Transportation Sources
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
o
_ Industrial
_ Non-Industrial
1987
1995
2000
-"Dioxin" here is defined as the totality of 7 dioxins and 10 furans. "TEQ" denotes "toxic
equivalent," a quantitative measure of the combined toxicity of a mixture of dioxin-like
chemicals.
Source: U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of sources and
environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987,
1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC;
EP AI 600/P-03/002F. (bti;p:/L(Jp!J b .gpa .,gOYlnCeilLct:m/.r:ec.9rdispl <'!y~_cfmldeid=J_:;928Q)
EPA dioxin emissions data, divided into categories of industrial/municipal/transportation
and non- industrial/municipal/transportation sources, are depicted in Figure 2, above.
(Non- industrial/municipal/transportation sources are backyard barrel burning of rubbish,
residential wood burning and cigarette smoke.) Dioxin emissions from industrial,
municipal and transportation sources have been greatly reduced by regulations targeting
(a) dioxin specifically and (b) other pollutants, the regulation of which, coincidentally, has
reduced dioxin emissions. Figure 2 demonstrates that, overall, industrial, municipal and
transportation dioxin emissions have declined dramatically as a result of regulation,
whereas emissions from backyard barrel burning of rubbish and residential wood burning
have remained essentially constant since 1987, and as of 2000 have overtaken
industrial/municipal/transportation sources as more significant emitters of dioxin.
Based on the EPA's inventory of dioxin sources, more stringent restrictions on the
regulated community will not significantly reduce dioxin emissions. Instead, the mostly
unregulated practice of backyard barrel burning of rubbish is a likely candidate for
effecting further emissions reductions. In fact, Maine, New Hampshirer California, and
other states have recentiy enacted legislation to controi dioxin emissions from burn
barrels.
fJ.._f;:hiJD.QiJJg Pi'ttew_o[ CQf]fJef1gJJm&~iQf)"-R.esl,llt~_iJJ_(/]anaing_EK/J()S!lJ:e
Overall environmental levels of dioxin have fallen over the past 30 years. In addition, the
relative proportions of dioxin congeners emitted to the environment have changed such
that greater proportions of dioxin congeners of lower toxicity are emitted. This pattern of
http://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources _trends/trends _ emissions.html
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DioxinFacts,org - Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United States
Page 4 of 5
decline has resulted in significant reductions in average human exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCOO,
the dioxin congener of greatest toxicity and concern, and current exposures to dioxin are
typically composed of smaller amounts of lower toxicity congeners.
Hays and Aylward (2001) examined mean serum lipid levels of 2,3,7,8-TCOO in 1,419 US
Air Force Vietnam era veterans not occupationally exposed to Agent Orange. These
researchers back-calculated the amount of 2,3,7,8-TCOO the veterans would have had to
be exposed to in order to produce the measured serum lipid levels of this compound. Their
model predicts that 2,3,7,8-TCOO intake must have declined to very low levels by 1992 in
order to produce the mean measured serum lipid 2,3,7,8-TCOO decrease seen over the
decade 1986-1996.
Thus, not only are overall environmental levels of dioxin declining through decreased
emissions, but also, the total toxicity of the congeners to which humans are exposed are
decreasing. As environmental levels of 2,3,7,8-TCOO have dropped, average body levels
of this chemical also have decreased substantially. Indeed, Petreas etal. (2001) in a
study of persistent halogenated contaminants, recently documented a decrease in
Californians' dioxin body burdens which demonstrated statistically significant decreases in
all but one major congener (2,3,4,7,8-PeCOF). The authors claim the decline is
".consistent with decreases observed worldwide and probably reflects successful measures
of pollution control" (p. 878).
5
.
----- . ~-_.
7",.:ZW~~1I1i...
.;)
i~1/G
1noo
,)An'--~
._'..IU,-"
<1 TEO "'rf\B',"d"',
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. ~. 1>["~',;);Cl
"~.es:'l/ktla !1ca'mOt('"a~I:''atll)l Hn8. 1189 '."$mJ!'Cil~: us n'A i~:('f):<'1htc::f ~G:/i:;'T'1
l!.l)' &t.,.""," 1200'1
SLlmmi'1l}'
In conclusion, the application of control technologies, especially to incineration processes
in the US, has led to significant decreases in dioxin emissions to the environment.
Furthermore, remaining emissions are characterized by a less toxic array of dioxin
http://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources_trends/trends _ emissions.html
9/6/2007
DioxinFacts.org - Trends in Dioxin Emissions and Exposure in the United States
Page 5 of 5
congeners. Given the documented substantial declines in serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD for the
decade preceding 1996, and the application of control technologies by industry, it is likely
that 2,3,7,8-TCDD body levels have continued to decrease, reflecting further declines in
exposure to this chemical.
Unregulated domestic burning has supplanted incineration as a major source of dioxins
and may become increasingly regulated. Although natural combustion processes, such as
forest fires, ensure the enduring presence of a baseline of dioxins in the environment
which can never be eliminated, the use of technolo9Y to minimize anthropogenic dioxin
emissions is a documented success story.
References
Hays, S.M. and Aylward, L.L. (2001). Temporal trends in body-burden suggest that dioxin
exposure in the general population have declined significantly. Organohalogen
Compounds, 52, 214.
Petreas, M" She, J., Visita, P., Winkler, J., McKinney, M., Brown, F.R., Dhaliwal, J.,
Denison, G., and Mok, M. (2201). Trends in persistent contaminants in California biota,
Symposia Papers Presented Before the Division of Environmental Chemistry, American
Chemical Society, Sand Diego, CA, April 1-5, 2001.
U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of sources and
environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987,
1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC;
EPA/600/P-0 3/002F. (bttp: /L~rnub..gpa. g.Qv/ nceaLcfmJn'cqrctispl<ly,cfml.d.etd_=1592SQ)
U.S. EPA (September, 2000 Draft). Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2.3.7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds. Part III: Integrated
Summary and Risk Characterization for 2.3.7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and
Related Compounds.
World Health Organization, (June, 1999). "Dioxins and their effects on human health",
[On-Line]. Available: httP:/L""-ww..w.bo)J1t/inHs!~D/fil<::t225~btml.
World Health Organization (1998). Executive Summary. Assessment of the health risk of
dioxins: re-evaluation of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Available:
h.tt,p,;jjw'tlW, wh.o2int/p<:.sJRlibsL dtQxjn:<;xe~csu ml<;xe::.sum:fif]a Lotl11l.
\
Notes
l"Dioxin" here is defined as the totality of 7 dioxins and 10 furans (of a much larger family
of similar but less toxic compounds) of environmental concern.
2;;Backyard barrel burning of rubbish" IS the mostly iUial practice of burning domestic
household and garden refuse in open air, often in steel barrels.
home J Dioxin TRI Data - e!2 Sector I sources & trends j dioxin & health! q & a I links I contact us
Copyright @ 1996 to 2007ChIQrine.~hemistrY._Di\(isiQn..Qf thenAm"ricao.ChemistryCQunci\. All Rights
Reserved.
Term~.an(i.~ondtlions I Priyacypoiicy
http://www.dioxinfacts.org/sourcestrends/trendsemissions.htm!
- -
9/6/2007
,
DioxinFacts.org - A Burning Issue for International Dioxin Research Conference
Page 1 of2
-f
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
August 22, 2005
Contact:
Tiffany Harrington
703-741-5583
A Burning Issue for International Dioxin Research
Conference
C. T. "Kip" Howlett, Jr., Executive Director of the Chlorine Chemistry Division ofthe
American Chemistry Council, released the following statement today:
"As scientists and policymakers gather this week in Toronto for the international 'Dioxin
2005' conference, Ontario is battling a major source of dioxin to the environment: forest
fires. In fact, the northern region of Ontario already has faced more than 1,100 fires this
season, a record in almost 30 years. A similar situation is developing in the United States,
where the National Interagency Fire Center predicts an above-normal forest fire season in
parts of the western U.S.
Over the past three decades, industriai dioxin sources have decreased steadily and
significantly in sediments, foods and human tissue, thanks to effective government
regulation and the efforts of industry and environmentalists. With industrial sources
largely curtailed, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has pinpointed the open
burning of trash or "backyard trash burning," as the largest single source of dioxins to the
environment today. Yet, research suggests that in the past few years, forest fires probably
emitted nearly as much dioxin to the environment as did all U.S. EPA-quantified sources
combined, including backyard trash burning. Clearly, scientists and regulators can no
longer overlook the substantial contribution of dioxins generated in forest fires.
Much work remains to be done before scientists can fully understand the factors that
affect dioxin formation during forest fires, including types of vegetation and location and
types of fires. EPA should work to encourage this research and include forest fires in its
national dioxin inventory. The Chlorine Chemistry Division of the American Chemistry
Council has submitted comments to EPA requesting that the Agency redefine its research
agenda to focus on forest fires and other sources that are thought to yield the highest
dioxin emissioiiS.
Currently, a panel of experts at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences is reviewing the
EPA's reassessment of the health effects of dioxin. The Chlorine Chemistry Division of the
American Chemistry Council supports the NAS review, and believes it is crucial to
harmonizing EPA's dioxin risk characterization with those of respected public health
agencies worldwide. As part of this process, The Chlorine Chemistry Division of the
American Chemistry Council also believes EPA must characterize dioxin sources
accurateiy, by acknowledging the potentially huge contribution of forest fires to
environmental dioxin levels."
###
The Chlorine Chemistry Division of the American Chemistry Council is a national trade
association based in Arlington, VA representing the manufacturers and users of chlorine
http://www.dioxinfacts.orglsources_trends/newslburning.html
9/6/2007
" DioxinFacts.org - A Burning Issue for International Dioxin Research Conference
Page 2 of2
.'
and chlorine-related products. Chlorine is widely used as a disease-fighting disinfection
agent, as a basic component in pharmaceuticals and myriad other products that are
essential to modern life.
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Copyright @ 1996 to 2007 Chlqrine.CbeJDistr\'J:JjyisIQT10f th,,-Ame,[icilnCi}emistryJ:quDCil. All Rights
Reserved.
Ie[[T1jLand C_Qn(jitions I Prh!<!9' poli<::y
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9/6/2007
CanCer Action NY inc.
f
Page 1 of2
c;
",'nrAc
J,:C: .
NY
Cancer Action NY inc
Horne
DIOXIN ELIMINATION
By phase-out of all fonl1S of incineration, phase-out of the manufacture of PVC and by bringing
the practice of open waste burning to an end, considerable progress can be made toward
eliminating the creation and release of dioxins.
PREVENTION BOOK
Dioxin Cancer Risk
Ca n ce r gi5kA~s_ess ment
DioxinJl.1inimization
i"iajor Dioxin Source
A GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO PROTECT THE FOOD SUPPLY
AND PREVENT CANCER
;)pen Burning
Elimination
Dr~a?J Ca ncer
(:fJ~_veGtLQr!
The Institute of Medicine (10M) recently published "Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Compounds in the
Food Supply: Strategies to Decrease Exposure". The critical message of this report is that
current levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLC) in animal fat foods impose a
significant health risk upon the general public, Cancer and endocrine disruption disorders are
dioxin-associated diseases of especial concern,
RepQrts__,;;lndJJ8,ls.
Laws for__Can~er
p'reventiQD
Environmental Poetry
During the past decade, it had become widely accepted that consumption of animal fat
constituted a risk factor for certain cancers, including: colorectal cancer, breast cancer and
prostate cancer. Researchers, who observed different cancer rates among populations with
markedly different diets, were the first to recognize an association between fat consumption
and these cancers, The American Institute for Cancer Research published "Food Nutrition
and the Prevention of Cancer: a global perspective" in 1997, clearly setting forth the above
described association, The link between fat consumption and cancer was thought to invoive
the elevation of levels of sex hormones circulating in the bodies of those who consumed
substantial quantities of animal fat. Estrogen exposure has been shown to contribute to
increased rates of certain cancers.
Ir:stLt'Jte__c{}Jl_edLciD~
F.RPQft
Toxic Hot Spots. Map
Cancer Prevention List
p~t.jtiQJ]Lf)qJ}Jg_l! 5 YPA
I~.Kf:__ACTION
LP,-W5LJHS
CALENDA.R
Considering the information provided in the US EPA's dioxin reassessment and the Institute of
Medicine report it is quite clear that animal fat itself, pure, uncontaminated animal fat, does not
impose the level of cancer risk previously attributed to that substance, The elevated incidence
of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer observed in fat consumers is a result of exposure to
the fat itself, plus all of the carcinogenic chemical contaminants of the fat.
(.2!.0cer:Acti9n__l\f~v\'!?
By taking steps to protect pasture, forage crops and livestock feeds from persistent
organochloride pollutant (POPs) contamination a substantive portion of the cancer risk
associated with animal fat intake can be eliminated. This knowledge removes much cf the
onus from animal fat in so far as cancer risk is concerned.
Those farmers who produce milk, beef and other animal fat containing foods should seize this
opportunity to make the public aware of the great improvement in the quality of the food supply
that can be accomplished by efforts to minimize the release of POPs to the environment
Farmers who lead the way in advocating for policy changes sucl, as the banning of open
waste burning and the Stockholm Convention on POPs can be heroes to American
consumers. Industrial and residential releases of cancer causing pollutants can be greatly
minimized, Animal fat foods can become more healthful to eat
lttp://www.canceractionny.org/dioxinminimization.htm
9/6/2007
::ancer Action NY inc,
Page 2 of2
Donald L Hassig, Cancer Action NY, 531 CR 28, Ogdensburg, NY 13669; 315393-1975;
cance raction@hotrnaii.com
ttp://www.canceractionny.orgldioxinminimization.htm
9/6/2007
Cancer Action NY inc.
G::
Horne
PREVEr'.JTION BOOK
Dioxin Cancer Risk
CanceL_Ri~k AssessJll€:T1t
Dioxin folJirtImization
f"lajor,Dioxin, Source
Ooen Burning
Elimination
R.eP9D,s_an9.JJRLs
a,reasU::ancer
Prevention
La.v.J$ fOLC::m\;.E;I
Prevention
In_stitute__QfJ'LE:}:.ticJ ne
Report
IQX!CHot5pot5._Map_
Cancer" Prevf.:lltiQtLl".isJ
!;D\!:Lmnmental,Poetry
petitionJnQ_ll1gU,J__S__cJ?A
T4.K_t:_,l\CTION
t"AWS~JlJ:S
CALEi'lPNl
_C~:Wl:er_6c:tiorUj_~I.'J_~
Page 1 of6
er Ac
NY
Cancer Action NY inc.
Open Burning Elimination
CREATING NEW YORK STATE
POLICY FOR THE ELIMINATION
OF OPEN WASTE BURNING
Donald L. Hassig
Cancer Action NY, 531 CR 28, Ogdensburg, NY 13669, USA
Introduction
The aim of this study was to provide an example of how State policy can be
developed for the elimination of dioxins released into the environment by open waste
burning,
Methods and Materials
Methods and materials utilized were those of verbal communication: telephone,
Internet information gathering, e-mail, oral presentations, one-on-one public contact,
advertising, and postal service mailings.
Results and Discussion
New York State counties, including: Lewis, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Franklin, and
Clinton, comprise a vast milk production area, Across the Canadian border, the
(Counties of: Leeds, Grenville, Dundas, Stormont, and Glengarry in the Province of
Ontario, further expand this dairy farming region (Latitude: 43 degrees, 30 minutes
North to 45 degrees, 30 minutes North; Longitude: 74 degrees, 30 minutes West to
76 degrees, 15 minutes West), Five hundred million pounds of liquid milk are shipped
each year from St Lawrence County alone to the New York metropolitan area.
Lttp://www.canceractionny.org/openbumingelimination.htm
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Cancer Action NY inc.
Page 20f6
Open waste burning activity has been most carefully evaluated for St Lawrence
County. New York, Backyard barrel and agribusiness refuse heap burning are heavy
local sources of PTS releases. A survey of open waste burning, conducted by the St
Lawrence County Planning Office in 1993, estimated a minimum of 10,000 burn
barrels for the County. A high percentage of the 1000-plus farms burn waste plastics,
rubber, foam rubber, pressure treated lumber, metal foils and paper in on-farm refuse
heaps. From 1993 until approximately the end of the decade, the number of residents
who utilized burning barrels had been increasing, During the last few years, there
appears to have been some reduction in the amount of open burning taking place, but
it is our opinion that this has not yet caused the problem to diminish in magnitude to
the extent that the 1993 levels would be an overestimate of current burning. A recent
study by the County's Planning Office confirms this conclusion,
The 1997 US EPA report, "Evaluation of Emissions from the Open Burning of
Household Waste in Barrels", provided a quantification of pollutant releases,1 The
author indicates that burning the residential waste (paper, plastics, rubber, foam
rubber and metal foils) of 1,5 families in barrels can release an amount of dioxins into
the environment equal to that released by a municipal solid waste incinerator burning
200 tons per day, In follow-up test burns, the Agency has determined that open waste
burning creates and releases dioxins over a considerable range of values due to the
highly complex nature of combustion. 2
Cancer Action NY began lobbying Town Boards and County Legislatures throughout
the North Country for local bans, and the New York State Legislature for a statewide
ban in 2000. Encountering considerable resistance to the enactment of such laws, we
have set about building public support Numerous strategies have been employed to
focus public attention upon the adverse health effects of exposure to open burning
emissions: milk dumping in Supermarkets and government office buildings, petition
drives, sign-on letters and public presentations at local government meetings. One of
our most effective efforts brought letters and e-mails from PTS elimination activists
and organizations around the globe to the offices of key New York State Legislators.
We have conducted several Green Party campaigns for elected public office, in which
open waste burning elimination was an important element of the platform,
During the Spring of 2002, Cancer Action NY sponsored the first annual Dioxin
Elimination Lobby Day at the New York State Capitol, We advocated for passage of
an open waste burning ban, education upon the health damaging effects of open
burning and a Green labeling law, which would require that known human carcinogens
be listed as being present in commercial products,
The portrayal of open waste burning elimination as cancer prevention has been very
important to our success in raising public awareness, Due to the fact that the North
Country region of New York State suffers relatively high rates of lung cancer, breast
cancer, prostate cancer and coiorectal cancer, we have made the messages of the
US Environmental Protection Agency's dioxin reassessment and precaution central to
our information provision activities3
It has been recognized for a considerable number of years that a possible association
Ittp://wv.w.canceractionny.org/openburningelimination.htm
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Cancer Action NY inc.
Page 3 of6
exists between the consumption of animal fat foods and certain cancers. 4,5 When the
contamination of animal fats with dioxins and certain other persistent organochloride
pollutants (POPs), which have been designated as known human carcinogens, is
taken into account, it becomes clear that part of the cancer risk imposed by fat
consumption can be attributed to these contaminants,
An article titled, "Serum Dioxin Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk in the Seveso
Women's Health Study", was recently published in Environmental Health
Perspectives, the research journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health
SciencesE Residents of the Seve so region of Italy were exposed to high levels of
dioxins as the result of an explosion at a chemical factory. A statistically significant
association between dioxin levels in blood serum and breast cancer incidence was
reported in this study,
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, over 90 percent of
the American public's exposure to dioxins comes from the consumption of foods
containing milk fat, fish fat, tallow and other animal fats, Particulates, upon which are
adsorbed dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, deposit from the polluted atmosphere
onto animal feed crops such as pasture grass and corn. Entry into the aquatic food
chains occurs via contamination of surface waters. The average American's dioxin
exposure thus takes place at lower levels of food contamination than that which
existed in the Seveso \/Vomen's Health Study, Nevertheless, the association
demonstrated by this research should be taken into account for the purpose of
determining a precautionary approach in so far as breast cancer prevention is
concerned. Women need to significantly lower their intake of animal fat foods as a
breast cancer preventive measure,
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has upgraded the cancer risk of
dioxin exposure via consumption of dairy foods, beef and freshwater fish
substantially. In June of 2000, a first draft section of the Agency's dioxin
reassessment, "Part III: Integrated Summary and Risk Characterization for 2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds", set forth the research
basis for this change. Dioxins' carcinogenic effects have been studied extensively in
several exposed groups: workers who manufactured or applied dioxin contaminated
pesticides, including pentachlorophenol, and 2,4,5-T; victims of an industrial accident
in Seveso, Italy, which released kilogram amounts of dioxin; and US Air Force
personnel engaged in Project Ranch Hand, the spraying of Agent Orange during the
Vietnam \/Var
Utilizing data from the epidemiologic studies (Hamburg herbicide factory cohort) in
which highest dioxin sensitivity was demonstrated, people who consume animal fat at
a rate which confers an intake of 3.8 pg dioxin TEQikg body weightiday have an
approximately 2 in 100 upper-bound excess risk of developing cancer due to the
dioxin contaminant exposure. A person weighing 130 pounds and drinking 2 quarts of
whole milk per day receives on average such a dose of dioxin TEQ from the
contaminants present in the milk fat.
Those populations experiencing elevated incidences of breast cancer, lung cancer,
Ittp://www.canceractionny.org/openburningelimination.htm
9/6/2007
Cancer Action NY inc.
Page 4 of 6
colorectal cancer and prostate cancer must be educated upon the cancer preventive
value of reducing consumption of animal fat foods, Seven zip codes located in
north/central Suffolk County have been identified by the New York State Department
of Health as an area of high breast cancer risk. An investigation of the possible
causes of breast cancer in this area has now been commenced. During the period of
this study, NYS DOH should be providing public education on how residents can
begin reducing their cancer risk via avoidance of those exposure sources, which have
already been identified, Cancer Action NY is in the final stages of producing a film,
which tells the story of open waste burning elimination as breast cancer prevention, It
is our intention to use this film for developing alliances with breast cancer action
groups,
The New York State Assembly has repeatedly passed its version of an open burning
ban. Opposition from the New York Farm Bureau, combined with the fact that large
numbers of rural constituents practice open burning, has stopped the Senate from
taking any significant action toward passage. We believe that the New York State
Senate can be motivated to pass a bill banning open waste burning once we have
Joined forces with long Island breast cancer coalitions, This is our expectation
because the Environmental Conservation Chair, Carl Marcellino and the Health Chair,
I<emp Hannon are both long Island Senators,
Having recognized the political difficulties associated with achieving a legisiative ban
on open waste burning, CANY has decided to lobby for the passage of legislation that
would establish a statewide educational program aimed at raising public awareness of
the damages to health, which result from exposure to open waste fire emissions. We
have thus far succeeded in having such legislation introduced in the New York State
Senate, bill No, 2428, The Assembly has introduced similar legislation, bill No. 1391,
The message that New Yorkers need to hear is that found in the US Environmental
Protection Agency's dioxin reassessment. Many of those who currently burn will
choose not to do so upon learning of health damaging effects, such as asthma,
endocrine disruption and cancer. Many others will be motivated to call for changes,
which are protective of the public air resource, It is our expectation that within a short
number of years after open burning education begins, it will be possible to legislate a
ban. A health conscious public will be loudly calling for this action.
Beginning in 2001, CANY has attended the New York State Fair for the purpose of
raising public awareness of the need to eliminate open waste burning. We distributed
information at the Indian Village with emphasis on dioxin contamination of lake
Ontario and 81. Lawrence River fish. At the Dairy Cattle barn, we spoke 'Nlth farm
families about the cancer risk imposed by dioxin contamination of New York's milk
supply.
Cancer Action NY has recognized the need for regional testing 01 animal fat foods,
Due to the fact that many people consume dairy products from one region only, any
significant difference between levels of contamination for various regions would have
relevance to regional public health, In areas where open waste burning is prevalent it
is reasonable to expect that dioxin contamination would exist at higher levels than in
areas where only limited burning occurs, Several requests have been made of the US
Food and Drug Administration, the NYS DOH and the New York City Department of
Health for dioxin testing of St Lawrence County dairy products, All of these requests
from CANY have been denied, Without adequate funds to conduct our own dioxin
lttp://www.canceractionny.org/openbumingelimination.htm
9/6/2007
2ancer Action NY inc.
Page 5 of6
testing, we have begun to gather data on PCB levels in St Lawrence County milk. In
December of 2002, a whole milk sample (taken directly from the cow) was submitted
for analysis to the laboratory at the State University of New York at Albany School of
Public Health, Total PCB concentration in the milk fat of this sample was reported at
143,6 nglg, The average concentration of TEQ PCB in Belgian milk fat, as reported
by Focant et ai, was 1,14 ppe The concentration ofTEQ PCB in the St Lawrence
County milk fat was 1.36 ppt
Working together with other member groups of the New York State Breast Cancer
Network (NYS BCN) has been particularly effective, During the past several years,
prevention has come to be a focus of the NYS BCN. We conduct an Advocacy Day
each year in the New York State Capitol. CANY lobbied a total of eight members of
the Legislature for the Network's slate of priority bills plus those bills that would
provide for the elimination of open waste burning by way of banning and education,
We are hopeful that our interaction witr, tile NYS BCN will eventually result in the
adoption of open burning elimination as a legislative priority. A clear indicator that this
is taking shape was the media interest generated by combined message of breast
cancer prevention and open waste burning elimination: WFUV, a public radio station
at Fordham University In New York City and one of Albany's major radio stations gave
us lengthy interviews; and the Associated Press highlighted this activism.
Our most recent initiative has involved bringing the message of dioxin exposure as
breast cancer risk to the attention of Health instructors, Section 804 of Public Health
Law requires New York State high school Health classes to include education on the
subject of breast cancer prevention, It has been encouraging to find that these
educators were already somewhat familiar with the facts of animal fat consumption as
a cancer risk factor, this being due to the work of the American Institute for Cancer
Research, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and other such
organizations. Having provided literature on dioxin exposure as breast cancer risk to
many of the Health instructors of the North Country, we are shifting our efforts to Long
Island high schools.
Disposal of solid waste by open burning is a deeply ingrained habit, bound up with the
people's long use of fire. Experience seeking to eliminate the practice has taught our
group that such change requires the passage of a considerable number of years, The
rate of progress is most quickened by continuous effort on all levels of societal
organization: neighborhood, town, county and state, By bringing the issue before the
public again and again in an unending variety of ways, the wondeliul powers of
creativity are tapped for environmental health protection.
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to the Center for Health, Environment and Justice for
its role in faoilitating the state policy work of grassroots organizations,
References
lttn:/lwww.canceractionnv.orf!./oDenburningelimination.htm
9/6/2007
Cancer Action NY inc.
Page 6 of 6
1. Lemieux, P. 1997, Evaluation of Emissions from the Open Burning of Household
Waste in Barrels, Vol, 1. Technical Report, US Environmental Protection Agency,
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC,
EPA/600/R-97-134a (NTIS PB98-127343),
2. Gullett, B. K., p, Lemieux, C. Winterrowd, D, Winters. 2000, PCDD/F Emissions
from Uncontrolled Domestic Waste Burning, Presented at Dioxin '00, 20th
International Symposium on Halogenated and Environmental Organic Pollutants &
POPs, held Aug 13-17 at Monterey, CA Corrected revision of short paper in
Organohalogen Compounds 46: 193-196,
3. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000, Exposure and Human Health
Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related
Compounds,
4. American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Food Nutrition and the Prevention
of Cancer: a global perspective,
5, Canadian Breast Cancer Initiative, 2001, Review of Lifestyle and Environmental
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer The Canadian Breast Cancer Initiative Workshop on
the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer, Quebec City, Quebec.
6, Warner, M., B, Eskenazi, P. Mocarelli, P. M, Gerthoux, S. Samuels, L Needham,
0, Patterson and P. Brambilla. Serum Dioxin Concentrations and Breast Cancer Risk
in the Seveso Women's Health Study, Environmental Health Perspectives, V 110: No
7, pp 625-628, july 2002,
7. Focant, J.-F., Pirard, C., Massart, A.-C., De Pauw, E. 2003. Survey of commercial
pasturised cows' milk in Wallonia (Belgium) for the occurrence of polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls,
Cllemosphere 52: 725-733.
lttp://www.canceractionny.org/openbumingelirnination.htrn
9/6/2007
,
Ontario: Backyard trash burning releases toxic chemicals into our air, soil and water
Community Press
Print Edition 13/04/2004
Anne Mitchell. Executive Director of the Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy
(CIELAP), is praising spring cleanup efforts of post-winter trash across the province of Ontario.
However, Mitchell wants to alert Ontarians to the environmental and health dangers of
burning their plastic bottles, packaging and bags in backyard fire pits and burn barrels. "This is
a major source of toxic pollutant emissions that can seriously harm the environment and
human health, " she said.
Environment Canada studies reveal that one in four Ontarians regularly use burn barrels at
their homes or cottages. The relatively low temperatures and low-oxygen combustion of
backyard burn barrels, combined with the tendency to burn plastic bags, PVC waste, plastic
bottles and containers, releases cancer-causing dioxins, furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons,
benzene, heavy metals and other pollutants into the air. These harmful products fall back to
earth and contaminate plants, soil and water into the air.
These armful products fall back to earth and contaminate plants, soil and water.
A 2002 study from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) states that "backyard
barrel burning" is the largest source of dioxin and furan emissions in the U.S. ad a 2003
Environmental Canada report indicates that this practice is the largest remaining single source
of environmentally occurring dioxins in Canada. The burn barrels of less than 40 households
can release the same combined source of dioxins as a modern incinerator designed for
servicing up to 120,000. Increased concern arises from the fact that open burning often takes
place in rural areas, in close proximity to agricultural operations, where pollutants are
absorbed by food crops.
"Dioxin and furan pollution, especially when it is associated with burning plastic and other
waste in backyard burn barrels, could be greatly reduced through the implementation of
programs expanding the recycling and waste management services in rural areas of Ontario,"
continued Mitchell.
Mitchell went on to say that, "Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey and Vermont have banned
the burning of household and farm trash like plastic baling twine and plastic containers, and a
proposed ban is currently being considered in New York as well. I hope Ontario will follow this
lead in the near future. This is an issue that deserves the attention of both Health Minister
Smitherman and Environment Minister Dombrowsky, I urge them to act quickly to protect the
health of Ontarians and our environment."
.
Workplan for the DioxinlFuran Workgroup
Great lakes Binational Toxics Strategy
2003-2005
The Dioxin/Furan Workgroup under the Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy
(GLBTS) has been tasked with preventing and reducing releases of dioxins and furans
in the Great Lakes Basin. Progress on our national challenge goals since the
implementation of the GLBTS has been significant Many of our larger sources have
been addressed through a combination of regulations, national and regional programs,
and outreach efforts. However, information gaps on dioxin release remain for a number
of other sources. In order to continue working towards our ultimate goal of virtual
elimination, we will continue to gather information and to look for opportunities to
prevent releases of dioxin in the Basin. This document was developed to guide our
workgroup's efforts for the next two years. This list in not exclusive, but instead aims to
assist the group in setting goals and timelines for achieving our tasks.
1. Report on Sources Addressed via National Programs
The workgroup will continue to track and update the GLBTS stakeholders on national
programs (i.e. MACT and Canada-wide Standards) which are addressing major sources
of dioxin. We will follow progress on implementing these standards and the reductions
achieved.
2. Characterize Sources of Concern Within the Basin
To determine which sources have the most impact on the Great Lakes Basin, we have
previously used national release inventories for Canada and the U.S. An Ontario
release inventory has also been developed. However, numerous sources of
dioxin/furans exist which have not been characterized and included in the inventory.
We will work together with our national programs to compile a comprehensive and
comparable inventory of dioxin/furan releases in the Basin. In addition, we will use
available stack test data to assess dioxin releases to the environment and review
monitoring data to track the trends in dioxin/furan concentrations. A list of poorly
characterized sources for dioxins/furans is attached. This information will be gathered
from sources including:
. The U.S. 2000 National Dioxin Inventory
. The Canadian National Release Inventory of PCDD and PCDF
. The Ontario Release Inventory of peDD and peDF
. Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory
. U.S. Toxics Release Inventory
. Stack test information
3. Outreach to Sources/Sectors of Interest
New Sources
As previously described, there are many sectors on which we still need to gather
information in relation to dioxin/furan releases. We will continue our inventory effort,
however, it would also be advantageous to the workgroup to foster relationships Vlith
those actively involved in certain sectors. The purpose of engaging these sectors could
have multiple benefits, including but not limited to educating the workgroup on seelor
processes and releases, and awareness in the sector of the GLBTS effort.
Backvard Trash BurninQ
One sector which continues to be an ideal project for our Workgroup's effort is
education and outreach on the concern of burn barrels in the Basin. The Burn Barrel
SUbgroup is actively engaging partners on this issue in order to educate the public on
the dangers of burning trash in the environment. Reducing the use of burn barrels in
the Basin will be a long process in effectively changing the behavior of residents. The
Burn Barrel Subgroup is committed to sharing our message of education, infrastructure,
and enforcement over time, and will work in conjunction with our national programs.
Out-of-Service Treated Wood
Secondary uses of PCP treated wood was identified as a potential source of
dioxins/furans in the Great Lakes Basin by the Dioxin/furan Workgroup. The workgroup
would like to explore the opportunity of establishing a pilot promotion campaign to
educate the public and industry on proper use and handling of used treated wood to
reduce the health and environmental impact in the Great Lakes Basin. This may involve
the review and updating of existing Consumers Information Sheets, and to promote
them by increasing CIS distribution and other communications activities. The D/F
Workgroup will review the issue and develop an implementation plan in conjunction with
the national leads on the treated wood issue. The plan may take a holistic approach
and go beyond the PCP preservative issues, ie. include creosote and CCA issues.
4. Explore Pathway Intervention
According to the draft U.S. Dioxin Reassessment, food is the key source of human
exposure to dioxins and furans. In the US and Canada, over 95 percent of dioxin intake
is estimated to come through dietary intake of animal fats. Small exposure levels occur
from inhalation, inadvertent ingestion of soil and from absorption through ihe skin.
Levels of dietary intake and human tissue levels of dioxin appear to be declining in the
U.S. and Canada. The workgroup will gather information on dioxin/furan levels in food
in the Great Lakes Basin, and if warranted, identify the major pathways of entry into the
food system and methods to intervene these pathways.
5. Identify Joint Priorities Between Workgroups
Based on current information, many sources of dioxin are also linked with other
pollutants of concern to the Great Lakes. In particular, the
Benzo(a)pyrene/Hexachlorbenzene Workgroup have similar issues to the Dioxin/Furan
Workgroup since combustion processes are key sources to both sets of substances.
The workgroup leaders will develop a plan to coordinate on issues which overlap
between the groups.
Many sources in the Basin, while not driven specifically by dioxin, may include dioxin in
a group of Levell chemicals under the GLBTS. One example of this is landfill
emissions. We will work to share information between the workgroups on these types
of sources.
6. Investigate Coplanar PCBs
Earlier efforts of the workgroup have focused on the dioxins and furans exclusively,
however, the category of coplanar PCBs is estimated to be approximately 1/3 of the
human dioxin exposure equation. These substances are also targeted for reduction
under other international initiatives such as the Stockholm Convention under the United
Nations Environment Program and the North American Regional Action Plan for
Dioxins/Furans and Hexachlorobenzene. The workgroup will initiate a plan to look at
the issue of coplanar PCBs in the Great Lakes Basin by first compiling available
information on source and environmental data. We will coordinate our effort with the
PCB Workgroup under the GLBTS.
7. Science
Environmental monitoring of dioxins and furans is being conducted in ambient air,
sediments, fish and herring gull eggs within the Great Lakes Basin. To track the trend
for dioxins/furans in the environment, the workgroup will report on the levels of these
environmental indicators as the data become available.
A comparable set of monitoring data of dioxins/furans from the U.S. and Canada would
facilitate progress tracking. The workgroup will assess the compatibility of the ambient
air monitoring networks used in Canada (NAPS) and the U.S. (NDAMN), as well as the
Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) by identifying inconsistencies and
changes needed to achieve an integrated air monitoring network within the Great Lakes
Basin.
December 16,2003
Erin Newman, US EPA
Anita Wong, EC
Poorly Characterized Sources
Dioxins and Furans
Industrial:
. Secondary metal smelting
. Coke production
. Ceramic manufacturing
. Clay processing
. Foundries
. Asphalt mixing
. Petroleum refineries
. Textile and leather dyeing
. Industrial Boilers
Uncontrolled Combustion:
. Forest fires
. Brush fires
. Range fires
. Agricultural burning
. Landfill Fires
. Structural fires
Other Combustion:
. Residential wood burning
. Crematoria
. Animal carcass
. Diesel vehicles
. Boilers - Residential, Agriculture
. Copper wire recycling
Municipal:
. Rural soil erosion
. Urban runoff
. Ash Disposal
. Landfill fugitive emissions
. Landfill fires
Other:
. Utility poles and storage yards
. Transformer storage yards
. Pentachlorophenol wood preservative
: 1" ";n Facts - Sources & Trends - Sources - Dioxins, Furans, TCDD, PCBs
Page 1 of3
Sources
Backyard Burning of Trash is now the #1 Dioxin Source!
*OTHER category includes: diesel heavy-duty trucks, industrial wood
combustion, diesel off-road equipment, EDC/VCM production, sintering plants,
automobiles using leaded gasoline, land applied 2,4-D, iron ore sintering, oil-
fired utilities, lightweight aggregate kilns that combust hazardous waste,
petroleum refining, catalyst regeneration, cigarette smoke, boilers/industrial
furnaces, crematoria, and drum reclamation.
Note: "Dioxin" here is defined as the totality of 7 dioxins and 10 furans. "TEQ"
denotes "toxic equivalent," a quantitative measure of the combined toxicity of a
mixture of dioxin-like chemicals.
Source: U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of
sources and environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United
States for the years 1987, 1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental
http://www.dioxinfacts.org/sources_trends/sources.html
9/6/2007
liox.ih ~ ^ts - Sources & Trends - Sources - Dioxins, Furans, TCDD, PCBs
Page 2 of3
Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/P-03/002F.
(http://cfpub.epa.gov /ncea/cfm/recordisplay .cfm?deid = 159286)
1987 1995 2000
RANK Source Amount 0/0 Source Amount % Source Amount 0/0
Total Total Total
1 Municipal 8905 63.8% Municipal 1394 40.5% Backyard 49B.5 35.1%
Waste Waste Barrel
Combustion Combustion Burning
2 Medical 2570 18.4% Backyard 628 18.2% Medical 37B 26.6%
Waste Barrel Waste
Incineration Burning Incineration
3 Secondary 983 7.0% Medical 487 14.1% Municipal 89.7 6.3%
Copper Waste Wastewater
Smelting Incineration Treatement
Sludge
4 Backyard 604 4.3% Secondary 271 7.9% Municipal 83.8 5.9%
Barrel Copper Waste
Burning Smelting Combustion
5 Bleached 370 2.6% Cement 156 4.5% Coal-fired 69.5 4.9%
Pulp & Kilns Utility
Paper Mills Boilers
6 Cement 118 0.8% Municipal 133 3.9% Diesel 65.4 4.6%
Kilns Wastewater Heavy-duty
Treatement Trucks
Sludge
7 Municipai 85 0.6% Coal-fired 60 1.7% Industrial 41.5 2.9%
Wastewater Utility Wood
Treatement Boilers Combustion
Sludge
8 Coal-fired 51 0.4% EDC/VCM 36 1.0% Diesel Off- 33.1 2.3%
Utility Production road
Boilers Equipment
9 Automobiles 38 0.3% Diesel 33 1.0% EDC/VCM 30 2.10/0
Using U",,,.,,,,_rl""\I Production
..............7...........r
Leaded Trucks
Gasoline
10 2,4-d 33 0.2% Bieached 30 0.9% Sintering 27.6 1.9%
Puip & Plants
Paper Mills
OTHER 208 1.5% OTHER 216 6.3% OTHER 104.9 7.4%
TOTAL 13,965 100% TOTAL 3,444 100% TOTAL 1,422 100%
Source: U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. An inventory of sources and
lttp://www.dioxinfacts.orglsources_trends/sources.html
9/6/2007
D:_,_:;1 Facts - Sources & Trends - Sources - Dioxins, Furans, TCDD, PCBs
Page 3 of3
environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States for the years 1987,
1995, and 2000. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC;
EPN600/P-03/002F. (httg:!/ cfpub.epa_.govfnc.ea/cfmLre,cordJsplaY~"fm 7deld = 159266)
. Environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds decreased by approximately 90%
between 1987 and 2000. Most of these reductions, almost 75%, occurred between
1987 and 1995. These reductions were achieved through a combination of
regulatory activities, improved emission controls, voluntary actions on behalf of
industry, and the closing of a number of facilities.
. Declining levels of environmental dioxins are characterized by a changing pattern of
emission sources over time. Industry and regulatory controls on waste incineration
have resulted in a significantly lower contribution of dioxins from this source since
1987.
. As dioxin emissions from industry decline, unregulated sources such as backyard
barrel burning of garbage and residential wood burning rise in significance as
contributors to dioxin emissions.
. The combined dioxin emissions from ethylene dichloride (EDC) and vinyl chloride
manufacture contributed 30 g-TEQ, or just over 2% of the total amount, of 2000
dioxin emissions. Backyard barrel burning, on the other hand contributed more
then 35% of total dioxin emissions for the same year.
home I Dioxin TRI Data - ei2 Sector i sources & trends I dioxin & health I q & a i links I contact us
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9/6/2007
"
Page 1 of2
Web address: http://www.sciencedaily.comfreleasesf2000f01f000104064534.htm
,,~:. D ~I
i)\;lci jCe auy
Your source for the latest research news
Source: American Chemical Society
Date: January 4, 2000
More on: Hazardous Waste, Recycling and Waste,
Environmental Science, Environmental Policy,
Earthquakes, Energy Policy
Backyard Burning Identified As Potential Major Source Of Dioxins
Science Daily - Family's Daily Trash Burn Can Rival Emissions from Municipal
Waste Incinerator
A family of four burning trash in a barrel in their
backyard - still a common practice in many rural
areas _ can potentially put as much dioxin and furan into the air as a well-controlled municipal waste
incinerator serving tens of thousands of households, according to a new study. Under intense scrutiny
in recent years because of their varying degrees of toxicity, these polychlorinated compounds can be
formed simply by burning common household trash at low temperatures.
The finding is reported in the Jan. 4 web edition of the journal Environmental Science & Technology
by researchers from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the New York State
Department of Health. The peer-reviewed journal is published by the American Chemical Society, the
world's largest scientific society. The report will appear in the journal's Feb. 1 print edition.
"Open burning of household waste in barrels is potentially one of the largest sources of airborne dioxin
and furan emissions in the United States, particularly as EPA standards force major reductions in
emissions from municipal and medical waste incinerators," says Paul Lemieux, Ph.D" one of the
study's co-authors. He is with the EPA's National Risk Management Research Laboratory in Research
Triangle Park, N,C.
Emission measurements from burning of "typical" household trash in 55-gallon drums were done at
the EPA's Open Burning Test Facility in North Carolina. The composition of the trash included
newspapers, books, magazines, junk mail, cardboard, milk cartons, food waste, various types of
plastic, and assorted cans, bottles and jars. No paint, grease, oils, tires or other household hazardous
wastes were included in the burning. The barrel burn results were compared with emission data from
a ''well-controlled incinerator performing better than the dioxin requirements set by recent EPA
standards," according to Lemieux.
"Recognizing that there are varied wastes and methods of burning, this particular study found that
under test conditions, more polychlorinated compounds were emitted from barrel burning than
municipal incinerators because of lower incineration temperatures and poor combustion conditions (in
barrels)," says Lemieux.
Under the conditions studied, and when using comparable weights of trash, "emissions from open
burning are several orders of magnitude higher than for controlled combustion in a modern, c1ean-
operating MWC (municipal waste combustor)," the article claims.
''Triggered by the study being reported, EPA has launched follow-up studies at its North Carolina test
facility to better understand the nature and magnitude of backyard trash burning as a significant dioxin
source," notes Lemieux.
The study could help resolve a long-standing discrepancy as a result of a 1994 EPA assessment that
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/Ol/000l04064534.htm
9f6f2007
.
Page 2 of2
identified a "significant gap" between estimates of dioxin emissions and actual deposition
measurements, according to the journal article. Emissions of dioxins and furans from burn barrels
"may be an important missing link to help close the gap between measured deposition rates and the
emissions inventories," the article points out.
Burning trash in open barrels is banned in most areas of the U.S., says Ann Brown of the EPA's Public
Affairs Office in Research Triangle Park. "The areas of the country where burning trash is permitted
are mostly confined to rural areas," she adds.
Although dioxins and furans have been shown to damage the health of laboratory animals, direct
evidence of the compounds' effects in humans is less clear but still cause for concern, according to
Scott Matsen, Ph.D., of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle
Park.
"Exposure to certain dioxins has been clearly shown to cause adverse effects in laboratory animals,
such as immune dysfunction, cancer, hormonal changes and developmental abnormalities," says
Matsen. "Although the available evidence for adverse effects in people is more limited than for
laboratory animals, the sum total ofthe information is cause for concern about the human health
hazards of environmental exposure to this class of chemicals."
Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by American Chemical Society.
Copyright@ 1995-2007 ScienceDaily LLC - All rights reserved - Contact: editor@sciencedaily.com
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http://www.sciencedaily.comlreleases/2000/01/000104064534.htm
9/6/2007
'07SEP13 PM12:57:35
September 10th, 2007
Council
We've recycled for 35 years; we took our newspapers, bottles
and cans to a private facility on Wilson Road South in
Oshawa. When the Region implemented their recycling
programme, we were elated -- we were ready for it, We
welcomed every announcement of new things to be collected.
All along, of course, we were composting as well.
Nearly five years ago when we saw the ad in the newspaper
inviting residents to attend an open house to talk about our
garbage, we were there! That was our introduction to
endless seminars, questionnaires, flip-charts, and
discussions,
Much of what has been said recently by the opponents to this
facility was covered during these sessions -- not just by
our group but at similar sessions across the Regions' -- all
of them advertised, all of them open to the public.
I don't remember the press being there; had they covered
these sessions, perhaps both they and the public would have
a better understanding of the process -- but maybe not,
judging from their current misrepresentation of the process.
Just last week at the G, p, & A., 12 people spoke against
this facility yet the article in Friday'S This Week implied
23 of the 25 listed delegations spoke in opposition.
I have also witnessed misrepresentation from Councillor Erin
Shapiro of Markham, Her claims on the wonders of her
community's diversion measures were shown to be grossly
exaggerated and inaccurate, Their "green bin" materials
cannot be used for compost -- as they should be -- but
instead are used as roadbed in Quebec; their computers are
taken by private company, striped and the carcasses go to
the dump. Hardly diversion!
, , .2
~
2
While I have not witnessed Dr. Paul Connett, I am witnessing
the effect of his misrepresentation. As well as being a
high profile opponent of incineration, he has been found by
-- among others -- the Centres for Disease Control, and the
U.S. Surgeon General -- to falsify claims. His lack of
knowledge regarding modern technology is dangerous, and so
to view him as a source of information for a project such as
this is foolhardy.
Since I know the process which has been followed by the
Regional consultants, the Peer Review reports heard last
week were not surprising. However, given the publics
perception of the original process, the Peer Reviewer's
desire for clarity is understandable.
What I don't understand was the criticism directed at
Dr. Harriet Phillips and Stacey Fernandes of Senes. Both
they and the Regional health consultants dismissed the
Pengally Halton report. Like Connett, Pengally used out-
dated information and so his work should be discounted.
For us to embark on an endeavour of this magnitude, we need
up-to-the-minute information. The forthcoming reports from
the Region: Traffic, Environmental Impact and so on will
provide this type of information.
I support this facility. I will not support landfill, in my
backyard or anybody else's.
Thank you for listening to my opinion.
James McKeever
CJo;.JIc( CI il\1~hu-3e
September 10th 2007
ENERGY FROM WASTE
To: Mayor Abernethy and members of council
AS YOU CONSIDER YOUR DECISION ON HOSTING AN EFW
FACILITY IN CLARINGTON CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:
· YORK AND DURHAM CURRENTLY GENERATE 260,000
TNR MSW
· CURENTLY BEING TRUCKED TO MICHIGAN IN 7900
TRUCK LOADS PER YEAR.
. THIS OPTION EXPIRES 2010
· IF PROCESSED LOCALLY IN AN EFW, 8000 TNR OF C02
WILL BE ELIMNATED FROM DISCHARGE TO THE
ATMOSPHERE BY THESE TRUCKS
· ONLY SHORT TERM ALTERNATIVE WOULD BE FINDING
ALTERNATE LANDFILL
· A CURRENT REVIEW OF EFW BY Andrew Knox ofUWO
"An Overview of Incineration and EFW Technology as Applied to the Management of
Municipal Solid Waste" shows clearly
. STATE OF ART EFW FACILITIES USE MULTIPLE
CONTROL STEPS TO REDUCE EMISSIONS TO MINIMAL
LEVELS
. EXAMPLE: DIOXINS AND FURANS FROM CONTROLLED
EFW FACILITY IS LESS THAN THAT GENREATED BY A
SINGLE DEISEL TRUCK
· THE CURRENT FLEET OF TRUCKS HAULING OUR WASTE
TO MICHIGAN GENERATES 3000 TIMES THE DIOXINS
AND FURNAS OF A SINGLE STATE OF ART EFW
FACILITY
· COMPARING EFW AND LANDFILL:
· LANDFILL GENERATES 5 TO 18 TIMES MORE NON
METHANE HYDROCARBONS THAN EFW DEPENDING ON
WETHER LANDFILL IS CONTROLLED OR NOT TO
RECOVER GAS
· WHA T ABOUT FURTHER REDUCTIONS OF WASTE
· DURHAM CURRENTLY AT 60 % AFTER 20YEARS OF
EFFORT
· FURTHER REDUCTIONS ARE LIKELY TO BE SMALL
INCREMENTAL AND CONNOT BE ACHIEVED IN THE FEW
YEARS REMAINING TILL THE MICHIGAN OPTION ENDS
· EFW IS COMPATIBLE WITH RECYCLING. THE
COUNTRIES IN EUROPE THAT RECYCLE AT THE HIGEST
RATE ALSO USE EFW AT THE HIGHEST RATE
· EUROPE AND THE US ARE BUILDING EFW FACILITIES
AT AN UNPRECEDENTED RATE
SUMARY
. A STATE OF THE ART EFW FACILITY WILL BE FAR
LESS POLUTING THAN THE COMBINATION OF
LANDFILL AND THE TRUCKS HAULING GARBAGE TO
MICHIGAN.
. THE FOOTPRINT OF AN EFW MUCH SMALLER THAN
LANDFILL AND LAST FOR A VER LONG TIME
COMPARED TO A 30 YEAR LIFE TIME OF A LANDFILL
. KEY ISSUE IS MAKING SURE THAT FACILITY
SELECTED HAS THE HIGHEST EFFICIENCY AND
LOWEST EMISSIONS
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